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Stoicizam (ili stoa) jeste pravac antičke filozofije popularan od 4. do 2. veka p. n. e., posebno među obrazovanom elitom antičke Grčke i Rimskog carstva.^[1]^[2] Stoicizam je izveden iz kinizma i deli se na staru, srednju i novu stoičku školu. Osnivač ovog pravca je grčki filozof Zenon (333—264. p. n. e.), iz današnje Larnake.^[3]^[4] Ostali predstavnici su: Hrizip, Seneka, Epiktet i car Marko Aurelije.

Stoici su se organizovali u Atini oko 310. pne. i objasnili kako je svet satkan u skladu sa zakonima logike, fizike i etike. Tvrdili su da svetom vlada logos (svetski um, sudbina) i zbog toga je sve određeno. Centralni problem kojim se bave je etika, koji je i najpoznatiji u moderno vreme. Osnovni moto stoika je „život u skladu s prirodom“. Mudar čovek živi u skladu s prirodom i sopstvenim razumom, jer tako postiže mir duše. Najznačajnije vrline su razumnost, pravednost i umerenost. Smatrali su da čovek treba da se suprotstavlja impulsima koje stvaraju ljubav, strast, mržnja, strah, bol itd. Druga poznata stoička izreka je „blažen je onaj koji je zadovoljan onim što ima“. Stoicizam je promovisan kao način života koji se ne dokazuje rečima, već delima.^[5] Stoičku školu zabranio je 529. godine vladar Justinijan I obrazloženjem da potiče iz paganizma i da nije u skladu sa hrišćanstvom.^[6]

The Stoics are especially known for teaching that "virtue is the only good" for human beings, and those external things—such as health, wealth, and pleasure—are not good or bad in themselves (adiaphora), but have value as "material for virtue to act upon". Alongside Aristotelian ethics, the Stoic tradition forms one of the major founding approaches to virtue ethics.^[7] The Stoics also held that certain destructive emotions resulted from errors of judgment, and they believed people should aim to maintain a will (called prohairesis) that is "in accordance with nature". Because of this, the Stoics thought the best indication of an individual's philosophy was not what a person said but how a person behaved.^[8] To live a good life, one had to understand the rules of the natural order since they thought everything was rooted in nature.

Many Stoics—such as Seneca and Epictetus—emphasized that because "virtue is sufficient for happiness", a sage would be emotionally resilient to misfortune. This belief is similar to the meaning of the phrase "stoic calm", though the phrase does not include the traditional Stoic views that only a sage can be considered truly free and that all moral corruptions are equally vicious.^[9] Stoicism flourished throughout the Roman and Greek world until the 3rd century AD, and among its adherents was Emperor Marcus Aurelius. It experienced a decline after Christianity became the state religion in the 4th century AD. Since then it has seen revivals, notably in the Renaissance (Neostoicism) and in the contemporary era (modern Stoicism).^[10]

Ime

Poreklo

Stoicism was originally known as "Zenonism", after the founder Zeno of Citium. However, this name was soon dropped, likely because the Stoics did not consider their founders to be perfectly wise, and to avoid the risk of the philosophy becoming a cult of personality.^[11]

The name "Stoicism" derives from the Stoa Poikile (Ancient Greek: ἡ ποικίλη στοά), or "painted porch", a colonnade decorated with mythic and historical battle scenes, on the north side of the Agora in Athens, where Zeno and his followers gathered to discuss their ideas.^[12]^[13]

Sometimes Stoicism is therefore referred to as "The Stoa", or the philosophy of "The Porch".^[11]

Moderna upotreba

The word "stoic" commonly refers to someone who is indifferent to pain, pleasure, grief, or joy.^[14] The modern usage as a "person who represses feelings or endures patiently" was first cited in 1579 as a noun and in 1596 as an adjective.^[15] In contrast to the term "Epicurean", the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy's entry on Stoicism notes, "the sense of the English adjective 'stoical' is not utterly misleading with regard to its philosophical origins."^[16]

Osnovna načela

Philosophy does not promise to secure anything external for man, otherwise it would be admitting something that lies beyond its proper subject-matter. For as the material of the carpenter is wood, and that of statuary bronze, so the subject-matter of the art of living is each person's own life.
— Epictetus, Discourses 1.15.2, Robin Hard revised translation

The Stoics provided a unified account of the world, constructed from ideals of logic, monistic physics and naturalistic ethics. Of these, they emphasized ethics as the main focus of human knowledge, though their logical theories were of more interest for later philosophers.

Stoicism teaches the development of self-control and fortitude as a means of overcoming destructive emotions; the philosophy holds that becoming a clear and unbiased thinker allows one to understand the universal reason (logos). Stoicism's primary aspect involves improving the individual's ethical and moral well-being: "Virtue consists in a will that is in agreement with Nature."^[17] This principle also applies to the realm of interpersonal relationships; "to be free from anger, envy, and jealousy",^[18] and to accept even slaves as "equals of other men, because all men alike are products of nature".^[19]

The Stoic ethic espouses a deterministic perspective; in regard to those who lack Stoic virtue, Cleanthes once opined that the wicked man is "like a dog tied to a cart, and compelled to go wherever it goes".^[17] A Stoic of virtue, by contrast, would amend his will to suit the world and remain, in the words of Epictetus, "sick and yet happy, in peril and yet happy, dying and yet happy, in exile and happy, in disgrace and happy",^[18] thus positing a "completely autonomous" individual will, and at the same time a universe that is "a rigidly deterministic single whole". This viewpoint was later described as "Classical Pantheism" (and was adopted by Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza).^[20]

Istorija

Beginning around 301 BC, Zeno taught philosophy at the Stoa Poikile ("Painted Porch"), from which his philosophy got its name.^[21] Unlike the other schools of philosophy, such as the Epicureans, Zeno chose to teach his philosophy in a public space, which was a colonnade overlooking the central gathering place of Athens, the Agora.

No complete works survive from the first two phases of Stoicism. Only Roman texts from the Late Stoa survive.^[22]

Stoicism became the foremost popular philosophy among the educated elite in the Hellenistic world and the Roman Empire,^[23] to the point where, in the words of Gilbert Murray "nearly all the successors of Alexander [...] professed themselves Stoics."^[24]

Vidi još

Reference

^ H.D. Amos and A.G.P. Lang, "These Were the Greeks"
^ Gilbert Murray, The Stoic Philosophy, 1915, p. 25. In Bertrand Russell, History of Western Philosophy, 1946.
^ „Архивирана копија”. Архивирано из оригинала 13. 01. 2009. г. Приступљено 05. 10. 2008.
^ The Stoa Poikile or Painted Porch
^ John Sellars. Stoicism, p. 32.
^ Agatija, Histories, 2.31.
^ Sharpe, Matthew. "Stoic Virtue Ethics." Handbook of Virtue Ethics, 2013, 28–41.
^ John Sellars. Stoicism, 2006, p. 32.
^ Stoicism, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
^ Becker, Lawrence C. (2001). A New Stoicism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400822447.
^ ^а ^б Robertson, Donald (2018). Stoicism and the Art of Happiness. Great Britain: John Murray.
^ „Definition of STOIC”.
^ Williamson, D. (1. 4. 2015). Kant's Theory of Emotion: Emotional Universalism. Palgrave Macmillan US. стр. 17. ISBN 978-1-137-49810-6.
^ „Modern Stoicism | Build The Fire”. Build The Fire (на језику: енглески). 9. 2. 2016. Приступљено 2016-06-22.
^ Harper, Douglas (новембар 2001). „Online Etymology Dictionary – Stoic”. Приступљено 2006-09-02.
^ Baltzly, Dirk (13. 12. 2004). „Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Stoicism”. Приступљено 2006-09-02.
^ ^а ^б Russell, Bertrand. A History of Western Philosophy, p. 254
^ ^а ^б Russell, Bertrand. A History of Western Philosophy, p. 264
^ Russell, Bertrand. A History of Western Philosophy, p. 253.
^ Charles Hartshorne and William Reese, "Philosophers Speak of God," Humanity Books, 1953 ch 4
^ Becker, Lawrence (2003). A History of Western Ethics. New York: Routledge. стр. 27. ISBN 978-0-415-96825-6.
^ A.A.Long, Hellenistic Philosophy, p. 115.
^ Amos, H. (1982). These Were the Greeks. Chester Springs: Dufour Editions. ISBN 978-0-8023-1275-4. OCLC 9048254.
^ Gilbert Murray, The Stoic Philosophy (1915), p. 25. In Bertrand Russell, A History of Western Philosophy (1946).

Literatura

A. A. Long and D. N. Sedley, The Hellenistic Philosophers Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Inwood, Brad & Gerson Lloyd P. (eds.) The Stoics Reader: Selected Writings and Testimonia Indianapolis: Hackett 2008.
Long, George Enchiridion by Epictetus, Prometheus Books, Reprint Edition, January 1955.
Gill C. Epictetus, The Discourses, Everyman 1995.
Irvine, William, A Guide to the Good Life: The Ancient Art of Stoic Joy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008) ISBN 978-0-19-537461-2
Hadas, Moses (ed.), Essential Works of Stoicism, Bantam Books 1961.
Harvard University Press Epictetus Discourses Books 1 and 2, Loeb Classical Library Nr. 131, June 1925.
Harvard University Press Epictetus Discourses Books 3 and 4, Loeb Classical Library Nr. 218, June 1928.
Long, George, Discourses of Epictetus, Kessinger Publishing, January 2004.
Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger (transl. Robin Campbell), Letters from a Stoic: Epistulae Morales Ad Lucilium (1969, reprint 2004) ISBN 0-14-044210-3
Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, translated by Maxwell Staniforth; ISBN 0-14-044140-9, or translated by Gregory Hays; ISBN 0-679-64260-9. Also Available on wikisource translated by various translators
Oates, Whitney Jennings, The Stoic and Epicurean Philosophers, The Complete Extant Writings of Epicurus, Epictetus, Lucretius and Marcus Aurelius, Random House, 9th printing 1940.^{[недостаје ISBN]}
Bakalis, Nikolaos, Handbook of Greek Philosophy: From Thales to the Stoics. Analysis and Fragments, Trafford Publishing, 2005, ISBN 1-4120-4843-5
Becker, Lawrence C., A New Stoicism (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1998) ISBN 0-691-01660-7
Brennan, Tad, The Stoic Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005; paperback 2006)
Brooke, Christopher. Philosophic Pride: Stoicism and Political Thought from Lipsius to Rousseau (Princeton UP, 2012) excerpts
Hall, Ron, Secundum Naturam (According to Nature). Stoic Therapy, LLC, 2021.
Inwood, Brad (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to The Stoics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003)
Lachs, John, Stoic Pragmatism (Indiana University Press, 2012) ISBN 0-253-22376-8
Long, A. A., Stoic Studies (Cambridge University Press, 1996; repr. University of California Press, 2001) ISBN 0-520-22974-6
Robertson, Donald, The Philosophy of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Stoicism as Rational and Cognitive Psychotherapy (London: Karnac, 2010) ISBN 978-1-85575-756-1
Robertson, Donald, How to Think Like a Roman Emperor: The Stoic Philosophy of Marcus Aurelius. 'New York: St. Martin's Press, 2019.
Sellars, John, Stoicism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006) ISBN 1-84465-053-7
Stephens, William O., Stoic Ethics: Epictetus and Happiness as Freedom (London: Continuum, 2007) ISBN 0-8264-9608-3
Strange, Steven (ed.), Stoicism: Traditions and Transformations (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2004) ISBN 0-521-82709-4
Zeller, Eduard; Reichel, Oswald J., The Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics, Longmans, Green, and Co., 1892

Spoljašnje veze

Baltzly, Dirk. „Stoicism”. Ур.: Zalta, Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
„Stoicism”. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
„Stoic Ethics”. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
„Stoic Philosophy of Mind”. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Hicks, Robert Drew (1911). „Stoics”. Encyclopædia Britannica (на језику: енглески) (11 изд.).
The Stoic Therapy eLibrary
The Stoic Library
Stoic Logic: The Dialectic from Zeno to Chrysippus
Annotated Bibliography on Ancient Stoic Dialectic
„A bibliography on Stoicism by the Stoic Foundation”. Архивирано из оригинала 23. 9. 2012. г. Приступљено 14. 9. 2012.
BBC Radio 4's In Our Time programme on Stoicism (requires Flash)
An introduction to Stoic Philosophy
The Stoic Registry (formerly New Stoa) :Online Stoic Community
Modern Stoicism (Stoic Week and Stoicon)
The Four Stoic Virtues

}}

[1] H.D. Amos and A.G.P. Lang, "These Were the Greeks"

[2] Gilbert Murray, The Stoic Philosophy, 1915, p. 25. In Bertrand Russell, History of Western Philosophy, 1946.

[3] „Архивирана копија”. Архивирано из оригинала 13. 01. 2009. г. Приступљено 05. 10. 2008.

[4] The Stoa Poikile or Painted Porch

[5] John Sellars. Stoicism, p. 32.

[6] Agatija, Histories, 2.31.

[7] Sharpe, Matthew. "Stoic Virtue Ethics." Handbook of Virtue Ethics, 2013, 28–41.

[8] John Sellars. Stoicism, 2006, p. 32.

[Stoicism-9] Stoicism, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

[10] Becker, Lawrence C. (2001). A New Stoicism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400822447.

[:1-11] а ^б Robertson, Donald (2018). Stoicism and the Art of Happiness. Great Britain: John Murray.

[etymologymerriam-12] „Definition of STOIC”.

[Williamson2015-13] Williamson, D. (1. 4. 2015). Kant's Theory of Emotion: Emotional Universalism. Palgrave Macmillan US. стр. 17. ISBN 978-1-137-49810-6.

[14] „Modern Stoicism | Build The Fire”. Build The Fire (на језику: енглески). 9. 2. 2016. Приступљено 2016-06-22.

[15] Harper, Douglas (новембар 2001). „Online Etymology Dictionary – Stoic”. Приступљено 2006-09-02.

[16] Baltzly, Dirk (13. 12. 2004). „Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Stoicism”. Приступљено 2006-09-02.

[Russell-17] а ^б Russell, Bertrand. A History of Western Philosophy, p. 254

[Russell1-18] а ^б Russell, Bertrand. A History of Western Philosophy, p. 264

[Russell5-19] Russell, Bertrand. A History of Western Philosophy, p. 253.

[20] Charles Hartshorne and William Reese, "Philosophers Speak of God," Humanity Books, 1953 ch 4

[21] Becker, Lawrence (2003). A History of Western Ethics. New York: Routledge. стр. 27. ISBN 978-0-415-96825-6.

[22] A.A.Long, Hellenistic Philosophy, p. 115.

[23] Amos, H. (1982). These Were the Greeks. Chester Springs: Dufour Editions. ISBN 978-0-8023-1275-4. OCLC 9048254.

[24] Gilbert Murray, The Stoic Philosophy (1915), p. 25. In Bertrand Russell, A History of Western Philosophy (1946).

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@@ Ред 1: / Ред 1: @@
+{{Short description|Filozofski sistem}}{{rut}}
-[[Датотека:Zeno of Citium pushkin.jpg|мини|[[Zenon iz Kitijuma|Zenon]], osnivač stoicizma]]
+[[Датотека:Paolo Monti - Servizio fotografico (Napoli, 1969) - BEIC 6353768.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Zeno of Citium]], the founder of Stoicism, in the [[Farnese collection]], Naples – Photo by [[Paolo Monti]], 1969]]
-[[Датотека:Stoa in Athens.jpg|десно|мини|Atalova [[stoa]] u Atini]]
+[[Датотека:Zeno of Citium pushkin.jpg|мини|250px|[[Zenon iz Kitijuma|Zenon]], osnivač stoicizma]]
-'''Stoicizam''' (ili '''stoa''') jeste pravac [[Antička filozofija|antičke filozofije]] popularan od [[4. vek p. n. e.|4.]] do [[2. vek p. n. e.|2. veka p. n. e.]], posebno među obrazovanom elitom [[Antička Grčka|antičke Grčke]] i [[Rimsko carstvo|Rimskog carstva]].<ref>H.D. Amos and A.G.P. Lang, "These Were the Greeks"</ref><ref>Gilbert Murray, ''The Stoic Philosophy'', 1915, p. 25. In Bertrand Russell, ''History of Western Philosophy'', 1946.</ref> Stoicizam je izveden iz [[Kinici|kinizma]] i deli se na staru, srednju i novu stoičku školu.
+[[Датотека:Stoa in Athens.jpg|десно|мини|250px|Atalova [[stoa]] u Atini]]
-Osnivač ovog pravca je grčki filozof [[Zenon iz Kitijuma|Zenon]] (333—264. p. n. e.), iz današnje [[Larnaka|Larnake]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/classics/dunkle/athnlife/poikile.htm |title=Архивирана копија |access-date=05. 10. 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113185445/http://depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/classics/dunkle/athnlife/poikile.htm# |archive-date=13. 01. 2009 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref><ref>[http://www.wku.edu/~jan.garrett/stoa/stoapoik.htm The Stoa Poikile or Painted Porch{{Ботовски наслов}}]</ref> Ostali predstavnici su: [[Hrizip]], [[Seneka]], [[Epiktet]] i car [[Marko Aurelije]].
+'''Stoicizam''' (ili '''stoa''') jeste pravac [[Antička filozofija|antičke filozofije]] popularan od [[4. vek p. n. e.|4.]] do [[2. vek p. n. e.|2. veka p. n. e.]], posebno među obrazovanom elitom [[Antička Grčka|antičke Grčke]] i [[Rimsko carstvo|Rimskog carstva]].<ref>H.D. Amos and A.G.P. Lang, "These Were the Greeks"</ref><ref>Gilbert Murray, ''The Stoic Philosophy'', 1915, p. 25. In Bertrand Russell, ''History of Western Philosophy'', 1946.</ref> Stoicizam je izveden iz [[Kinici|kinizma]] i deli se na staru, srednju i novu stoičku školu. Osnivač ovog pravca je grčki filozof [[Zenon iz Kitijuma|Zenon]] (333—264. p. n. e.), iz današnje [[Larnaka|Larnake]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/classics/dunkle/athnlife/poikile.htm |title=Архивирана копија |access-date=05. 10. 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113185445/http://depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/classics/dunkle/athnlife/poikile.htm# |archive-date=13. 01. 2009 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref><ref>[http://www.wku.edu/~jan.garrett/stoa/stoapoik.htm The Stoa Poikile or Painted Porch{{Ботовски наслов}}]</ref> Ostali predstavnici su: [[Hrizip]], [[Seneka]], [[Epiktet]] i car [[Marko Aurelije]].
-Stoici su se organizovali u [[Atina|Atini]] oko [[310. pne.]] i objasnili kako je [[svet]] satkan u skladu sa zakonima [[Logika|logike]], [[Fizika|fizike]] i [[Etika|etike]]. Tvrdili su da svetom vlada ''[[logos]]'' (svetski um, [[sudbina]]) i zbog toga je sve [[Predodređenost|određeno]]. Centralni problem kojim se bave je etika, koji je i najpoznatiji u moderno vreme.
+Stoici su se organizovali u [[Atina|Atini]] oko [[310. pne.]] i objasnili kako je [[svet]] satkan u skladu sa zakonima [[Logika|logike]], [[Fizika|fizike]] i [[Etika|etike]]. Tvrdili su da svetom vlada ''[[logos]]'' (svetski um, [[sudbina]]) i zbog toga je sve [[Predodređenost|određeno]]. Centralni problem kojim se bave je etika, koji je i najpoznatiji u moderno vreme. Osnovni moto stoika je „život u skladu s prirodom“. Mudar [[čovek]] živi u skladu s [[Priroda|prirodom]] i sopstvenim [[razum]]om, jer tako postiže [[mir]] [[Duša|duše]]. Najznačajnije vrline su [[razumnost]], [[pravednost]] i [[umerenost]]. Smatrali su da čovek treba da se suprotstavlja impulsima koje stvaraju [[ljubav]], [[strast]], [[mržnja]], [[strah]], [[bol]] itd. Druga poznata stoička izreka je „blažen je onaj koji je zadovoljan onim što ima“. Stoicizam je promovisan kao način života koji se ne dokazuje rečima, već delima.<ref>John Sellars. ''Stoicism'', p. 32.</ref> Stoičku školu zabranio je [[529.]] godine vladar [[Justinijan I]] obrazloženjem da potiče iz [[Pagani|paganizma]] i da nije u skladu sa [[Hrišćanstvo|hrišćanstvom]].<ref>[[Agatija]], ''Histories'', 2.31.</ref>
+The Stoics are especially known for teaching that "[[virtue]] is the only good" for human beings, and those external things—such as health, wealth, and pleasure—are not good or bad in themselves (''[[adiaphora]]''), but have value as "material for virtue to act upon".  Alongside [[Aristotelian ethics]], the Stoic tradition forms one of the major founding approaches to [[virtue ethics]].<ref>Sharpe, Matthew. "[http://dro.deakin.edu.au/eserv/DU:30059463/sharpe-stoicvirtue-2013.pdf Stoic Virtue Ethics]." ''Handbook of Virtue Ethics'', 2013, 28–41.</ref> The Stoics also held that certain destructive emotions resulted from errors of judgment, and they believed people should aim to maintain a will (called ''[[prohairesis]]'') that is "in accordance with [[nature (philosophy)|nature]]". Because of this, the Stoics thought the best indication of an individual's philosophy was not what a person said but how a person behaved.<ref>John Sellars. ''Stoicism'', 2006, p. 32.</ref> To live a good life, one had to understand the rules of the natural order since they thought everything was rooted in nature.
-Osnovni moto stoika je „život u skladu s prirodom“. Mudar [[čovek]] živi u skladu s [[Priroda|prirodom]] i sopstvenim [[razum]]om, jer tako postiže [[mir]] [[Duša|duše]]. Najznačajnije vrline su [[razumnost]], [[pravednost]] i [[umerenost]]. Smatrali su da čovek treba da se suprotstavlja impulsima koje stvaraju [[ljubav]], [[strast]], [[mržnja]], [[strah]], [[bol]] itd. Druga poznata stoička izreka je „blažen je onaj koji je zadovoljan onim što ima“.
+Many Stoics—such as [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]] and [[Epictetus]]—emphasized that because "virtue is sufficient for [[Philosophy of happiness|happiness]]", a [[Sage (philosophy)|sage]] would be emotionally resilient to misfortune. This belief is similar to the meaning of the phrase "stoic calm", though the phrase does not include the traditional Stoic views that only a [[sage (philosophy)|sage]] can be considered truly free and that all moral corruptions are equally vicious.<ref name="Stoicism">[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/ Stoicism], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</ref> Stoicism flourished throughout the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] and [[Roman Greece|Greek]] world until the 3rd century AD, and among its adherents was Emperor [[Marcus Aurelius]]. It experienced a decline after [[Christianity]] became the state religion in the 4th century AD. Since then it has seen revivals, notably in the [[Renaissance philosophy|Renaissance]] ([[Neostoicism]]) and in the contemporary era ([[modern Stoicism]]).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Becker|first1=Lawrence C.|author-link=Lawrence C. Becker|title=A New Stoicism|date=2001|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|location=Princeton|isbn=9781400822447|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NbqFt3RPsuQC}}</ref>
-Stoicizam je promovisan kao način života koji se ne dokazuje rečima, već delima.<ref>John Sellars. ''Stoicism'', p. 32.</ref>
+== Ime ==
-Stoičku školu zabranio je [[529.]] godine vladar [[Justinijan I]] obrazloženjem da potiče iz [[Pagani|paganizma]] i da nije u skladu sa [[Hrišćanstvo|hrišćanstvom]].<ref>[[Agatija]], ''Histories'', 2.31.</ref>
+=== Poreklo ===
+Stoicism was originally known as "Zenonism", after the founder [[Zeno of Citium]]. However, this name was soon dropped, likely because the Stoics did not consider their founders to be perfectly wise, and to avoid the risk of the philosophy becoming a [[cult of personality]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Stoicism and the Art of Happiness|last=Robertson|first=Donald|publisher=John Murray|year=2018|location=Great Britain}}</ref>
+The name "Stoicism" derives from the [[Stoa Poikile]] ([[Ancient Greek]]: ἡ ποικίλη στοά), or "painted porch", a colonnade decorated with mythic and historical battle scenes, on the north side of the [[Ancient Agora of Athens|Agora]] in [[Athens]], where Zeno and his followers gathered to discuss their ideas.<ref name="etymologymerriam">{{Cite web | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stoic | title=Definition of STOIC}}</ref><ref name="Williamson2015">{{cite book|last=Williamson|first=D.|title=Kant's Theory of Emotion: Emotional Universalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=62WCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA17|date=1 April 2015|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|isbn=978-1-137-49810-6|page=17}}</ref>
+Sometimes Stoicism is therefore referred to as "The Stoa", or the philosophy of "The Porch".<ref name=":1" />
+=== Moderna upotreba ===
+The word "stoic" commonly refers to someone who is indifferent to pain, pleasure, grief, or joy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://buildthefire.com/modern-stoicism/|title=Modern Stoicism {{!}} Build The Fire|date=9 February 2016|website=Build The Fire|language=en-US|access-date=2016-06-22}}</ref> The modern usage as a "person who represses feelings or endures patiently" was first cited in 1579 as a [[noun]] and in 1596 as an [[adjective]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=stoic |title=Online Etymology Dictionary&nbsp;– Stoic |access-date=2006-09-02|last=Harper |first=Douglas |date=November 2001}}</ref> In contrast to the term "[[Epicureanism|Epicurean]]", the ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''{{'}}s entry on Stoicism notes, "the sense of the English adjective 'stoical' is not utterly misleading with regard to its philosophical origins."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/ |title=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy&nbsp;– Stoicism |access-date=2006-09-02 |last=Baltzly |first=Dirk |date=13 December 2004}}</ref>
+== Osnovna načela ==
+{{quote|Philosophy does not promise to secure anything external for man, otherwise it would be admitting something that lies beyond its proper subject-matter. For as the material of the carpenter is wood, and that of statuary bronze, so the subject-matter of the art of living is each person's own life.|Epictetus|''[[Discourses of Epictetus|Discourses]]'' 1.15.2, Robin Hard revised translation}}
+The Stoics provided a unified account of the world, constructed from ideals of [[logic]], [[monism|monistic]] physics and [[Naturalism (philosophy)|naturalistic]] ethics. Of these, they emphasized ethics as the main focus of human knowledge, though their logical theories were of more interest for later philosophers.
+Stoicism teaches the development of self-control and fortitude as a means of overcoming destructive [[emotion]]s; the philosophy holds that becoming a clear and unbiased thinker allows one to understand the universal reason (''[[logos]]''). Stoicism's primary aspect involves improving the individual's ethical and moral well-being: "''Virtue'' consists in a ''will'' that is in agreement with Nature."<ref name="Russell">Russell, Bertrand. ''A History of Western Philosophy,'' p. 254</ref> This principle also applies to the realm of interpersonal relationships; "to be free from anger, envy, and jealousy",<ref name="Russell1">Russell, Bertrand. ''A History of Western Philosophy'', p. 264</ref> and to accept even slaves as "equals of other men, because all men alike are products of nature".<ref name="Russell5">Russell, Bertrand. ''A History of Western Philosophy'', p. 253.</ref>
+The Stoic ethic espouses a [[determinism|deterministic]] perspective; in regard to those who lack Stoic virtue, [[Cleanthes]] once opined that the wicked man is "like a dog tied to a cart, and compelled to go wherever it goes".<ref name="Russell" /> A Stoic of virtue, by contrast, would amend his will to suit the world and remain, in the words of [[Epictetus]], "sick and yet happy, in peril and yet happy, dying and yet happy, in exile and happy, in disgrace and happy",<ref name="Russell1" /> thus positing a "completely autonomous" individual will, and at the same time a universe that is "a rigidly deterministic single whole". This viewpoint was later described as "[[Classical Pantheism]]" (and was adopted by Dutch philosopher [[Baruch Spinoza]]).<ref>Charles Hartshorne and William Reese, "Philosophers Speak of God," Humanity Books, 1953 ch 4</ref>
+== Istorija ==
+<timeline>
+DateFormat = yyyy
+ImageSize  = width:1000 height:250
+PlotArea   = left:15 right:10 bottom:20 top:0
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+  id:PMoy value:rgb(0.6,1,0.6)
+  id:PInf value:rgb(0.7,1,0.7) # vert clair
+  id:Plio value:rgb(0.8,1,0.8) # vert p�le
+  id:gris value:gray(0.80)
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+Define $marquerouge   = text:"*" textcolor:rouge   shift:(0,-3) fontsize:10
+PlotData=
+  width:15 fontsize:M textcolor:noir align:center
+  # Époques
+  bar:Timeperiod color:Timeperiod shift:(0,-3)
+  from:start till:end color:gris # Arrière plan
+  from:-400 till:300  text: "The Stoics" color:Timeperiod2
+  # auteurs
+  width:6 align:left fontsize:M shift:(5,-5) anchor:till
+  barset:auteurs
+  from:-335  till:-264 text:"[[Zeno of Citium]]" color:Pinf
+  from:-330  till:-232 text:"[[Cleanthes]]" color:Pinf
+  from:-281  till:-205 text:"[[Chrysippus]]" color:Pinf
+  from:-240  till:-152 text:"[[Diogenes of Babylon]]" color:Pinf
+  from:-210  till:-129 text:"[[Antipater of Tarsus]]" color:Pinf
+  from:-180  till:-100 text:"[[Panaetius]]" color:Pinf
+  from:-140  till:-51 text:"[[Posidonius]]" color:Pinf
+  from:-4  till:65 text:"[[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]]" color:Pinf
+  from:25 till:95 text:"[[Musonius Rufus]]" color:Pinf
+  from:55  till:135 text:"[[Epictetus]]" color:Pinf
+  from:121  till:180 text:"[[Marcus Aurelius]]" color:Pinf
+</timeline>
+[[File:Antisthenes Pio-Clementino Inv288.jpg|right|thumb|[[Antisthenes]], founder of the Cynic school of philosophy]]
+Beginning around 301 BC, [[Zeno of Citium|Zeno]] taught philosophy at the [[Stoa Poikile]] ("Painted Porch"), from which his philosophy got its name.<ref>{{cite book | last = Becker | first = Lawrence | title = A History of Western Ethics | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-415-96825-6 |page=27}}</ref> Unlike the other schools of philosophy, such as the [[Epicureans]], Zeno chose to teach his philosophy in a public space, which was a [[colonnade]] overlooking the central gathering place of Athens, the [[Ancient Agora of Athens|Agora]].
+No complete works survive from the first two phases of Stoicism. Only Roman texts from the Late Stoa survive.<ref>A.A.Long, ''Hellenistic Philosophy'', p. 115.</ref>
+Stoicism became the foremost popular philosophy among the educated elite in the Hellenistic world and the Roman Empire,<ref>{{cite book|title=These Were the Greeks|last=Amos|first=H.|publisher=Dufour Editions|year=1982|isbn=978-0-8023-1275-4|location=Chester Springs|oclc=9048254}}</ref> to the point where, in the words of [[Gilbert Murray]] "nearly all the [[diadochi|successors of Alexander]] [...] professed themselves Stoics."<ref>Gilbert Murray, ''The Stoic Philosophy'' (1915), p. 25. In Bertrand Russell, ''A History of Western Philosophy'' (1946).</ref>
 == Vidi još ==
@@ Ред 21: / Ред 113: @@
 {{reflist}}
+== Literatura ==
-{{#invoke:TitleReplace|convert wiki page name to latin|{{филозофија}}
+{{refbegin|30em}}
-{{светоназор|примери|state=collapsed}}}}
+* [[A. A. Long]] and [[David Sedley|D. N. Sedley]], ''The Hellenistic Philosophers'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
+* Inwood, Brad & Gerson Lloyd P. (eds.) ''The Stoics Reader: Selected Writings and Testimonia'' Indianapolis: Hackett 2008.
+* [[George Long (scholar)|Long, George]] ''Enchiridion'' by Epictetus, Prometheus Books, Reprint Edition, January 1955.
+* Gill C. ''Epictetus, The Discourses'', Everyman 1995.
+* Irvine, William, ''A Guide to the Good Life: The Ancient Art of Stoic Joy'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008) {{ISBN|978-0-19-537461-2}}
+* Hadas, Moses (ed.), ''Essential Works of Stoicism'', Bantam Books 1961.
+* Harvard University Press ''Epictetus Discourses Books 1 and 2'', Loeb Classical Library Nr. 131, June 1925.
+* Harvard University Press ''Epictetus Discourses Books 3 and 4'', Loeb Classical Library Nr. 218, June 1928.
+* Long, George, ''Discourses of Epictetus'', Kessinger Publishing, January 2004.
+* Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger (transl. Robin Campbell), ''Letters from a Stoic: Epistulae Morales Ad Lucilium'' (1969, reprint 2004) {{ISBN|0-14-044210-3}}
+* [[Marcus Aurelius]], ''[[Meditations]]'', translated by [[Maxwell Staniforth]]; {{ISBN|0-14-044140-9}}, or translated by Gregory Hays; {{ISBN|0-679-64260-9}}. [[wikisource:Author:Marcus Aurelius Antoninus|Also Available on wikisource translated by various translators]]
+* Oates, Whitney Jennings, ''The Stoic and Epicurean Philosophers, The Complete Extant Writings of Epicurus, Epictetus, Lucretius and Marcus Aurelius'', Random House, 9th printing 1940.{{ISBN?}}
+* Bakalis, Nikolaos, ''Handbook of Greek Philosophy: From Thales to the Stoics. Analysis and Fragments'', Trafford Publishing, 2005, {{ISBN|1-4120-4843-5}}
+* [[Lawrence C. Becker|Becker, Lawrence C.]], ''A New Stoicism'' (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1998) {{ISBN|0-691-01660-7}}
+* Brennan, Tad, ''The Stoic Life'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005; paperback 2006)
+* Brooke, Christopher. ''Philosophic Pride: Stoicism and Political Thought from Lipsius to Rousseau'' (Princeton UP, 2012) [http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9737.html excerpts]
+* Hall, Ron, [http://books.google.com/books/about?id=h6AREAAAQBAJ ''Secundum Naturam (According to Nature)'']. Stoic Therapy, LLC, 2021.
+* Inwood, Brad (ed.), ''The Cambridge Companion to The Stoics'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003)
+* [[John Lachs|Lachs, John]], ''Stoic Pragmatism'' (Indiana University Press, 2012) {{ISBN|0-253-22376-8}}
+* [[A. A. Long|Long, A. A.]], ''Stoic Studies'' (Cambridge University Press, 1996; repr. University of California Press, 2001) {{ISBN|0-520-22974-6}}
+* Robertson, Donald, ''The Philosophy of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Stoicism as Rational and Cognitive Psychotherapy'' (London: Karnac, 2010) {{ISBN|978-1-85575-756-1}}
+* Robertson, Donald, [https://books.google.gr/books?id=xGBbDwAAQBAJ ''How to Think Like a Roman Emperor: The Stoic Philosophy of Marcus Aurelius'']. 'New York: St. Martin's Press, 2019.
+* Sellars, John, ''Stoicism'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006) {{ISBN|1-84465-053-7}}
+* [[William O. Stephens|Stephens, William O.]], ''Stoic Ethics: Epictetus and Happiness as Freedom'' (London: Continuum, 2007) {{ISBN|0-8264-9608-3}}
+* Strange, Steven (ed.), ''Stoicism: Traditions and Transformations'' (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2004) {{ISBN|0-521-82709-4}}
+* [[Eduard Zeller|Zeller, Eduard]]; Reichel, Oswald J., ''The Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics'', Longmans, Green, and Co., 1892
+{{refend}}
+== Spoljašnje veze ==
+{{Commons category-lat|}}
+{{refbegin|}}
+* {{cite SEP |url-id=stoicism |title=Stoicism |last=Baltzly |first=Dirk}}
+* {{cite IEP |url-id=s/stoicism.htm |title=Stoicism}}
+* {{cite IEP |url-id=s/stoiceth.htm |title= Stoic Ethics}}
+* {{cite IEP |url-id=s/stoicmind.htm |title= Stoic Philosophy of Mind}}
+* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Stoics |author-link=Robert Drew Hicks |first=Robert Drew |last=Hicks |short=x}}
+* [https://www.stoictherapy.com/elibrary The Stoic Therapy eLibrary]
+* [http://www.ibiblio.org/stoicism/ The Stoic Library]
+* [http://www.historyoflogic.com/logic-stoics.htm Stoic Logic: The Dialectic from Zeno to Chrysippus]
+* [http://www.historyoflogic.com/biblio/logic-stoics-biblio-one.htm Annotated Bibliography on Ancient Stoic Dialectic]
+* {{cite web|url=http://stoicfoundation.host-ed.me/bibliography.htm|title=A bibliography on Stoicism by the Stoic Foundation|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6At6hE72Q?url=http://stoicfoundation.host-ed.me/bibliography.htm|archive-date=23 September 2012|url-status=live|access-date=14 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}
+* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20050303.shtml BBC Radio 4's In Our Time programme on Stoicism] (requires [[Adobe Flash|Flash]])
+* [http://users.hartwick.edu/burringtond/stoics/intro.html An introduction to Stoic Philosophy]
+* [http://thestoicregistry.org The Stoic Registry (formerly New Stoa) :Online Stoic Community]
+* [https://modernstoicism.com Modern Stoicism (Stoic Week and Stoicon)]
+* [https://www.orionphilosophy.com/stoic-blog/4-stoic-virtues/ The Four Stoic Virtues]
+{{refend}}
+{{L|филозофија}}
+{{светоназор|примери|state=collapsed}}}}
 {{нормативна контрола-лат}}