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Umetnički prikaz istine

Istina je višeznačan pojam u filozofiji, nauci i svakodnevnom životu. Uobičajeno značenje istine je saglasje sa činjenicama ili stvarnošću.[1] Suprotno istini stoji laž, koja takođe može imati logičko, činjenično ili etičko značenje. O konceptu istine se diskutovalo kroz nekoliko konteksta, uključujući filozofiju i religiju. Mnoge ljudske aktivnosti počivaju na konceptu istine uključujući nauku, pravo i svakodnevni život. Istina se ostvaruje u procesu saznanja. Različite teorije i pogledi se iznova pretresaju. Jezik i reči su sredstvo pomoću kojih ljudi prenose informacije jedni drugima, a metodi korišćeni da utvrde istinu zovu se kriterijumi istine. Postoje različite tvrdnje na pitanja koja se tiču onog šta čini istinu: kako definisati i identifikovati istinu; da li je istina subjektivna ili objektivna, relativna ili apsolutna. Mnoge religije savršeno znanje svih istina o svim stvarima pripisuju božanskom ili natprirodnom biću. Jedne od glavnih teorija istine su: Teorija korespondencije, po kojoj je istina saglasnost neke tvrdnje stvarnosti, a prvi ju je formulisao Aristotel u „Metafizici“, teorija evidencije, teorija koherencije, teorija verifikacije i dijalektička teorija istine

Neke neoklasične teorije istine smatraju da se istinitost sastoji u neprotivrečnosti skupa sudova ili u koristi koju pojedinac ili društvo mogu da steknu na osnovu saznanja.

Apsolutna istina je ideal kome se ljudsko saznanje približava nizom relativnih istina, ne dostižući ga nikada u potpunosti. To je istina koju nikakvo naknadno saznanje nije izmjenilo, korigovalo itd.


Prema Martinu Hajdegeru, originalno značenje i suština istine u antičkoj Grčkoj bilo je razotkrivanje ili otkrivanje ili donošenje onoga što je ranije bilo sakriveno na otvoreno, na šta ukazuje originalni grčki izraz za istinu, aletheia.[3][4] Prema tom gledištu, pojam istine kao korektnosti je kasnija izvedba iz izvorne suštine koncepta, razvoj koji Hejdeger prati do latinskog termina veritas.

Pragmatisti poput Č. S. Persa smatraju da istina ima neku vrstu suštinskog odnosa prema ljudskim praksama za ispitivanje i otkrivanje istine, s tim da je sam Pers tvrdi da je istina ono što bi ljudska istraga saznala o datoj stvari, ako bi naša istraživačka praksa bila sprovedena do krajnje moguće mere: „Mišljenje s kojim je suđeno da se ultimativno slože svi koji istražuju, je ono što mislimo da je istina ...”[5]

Razne teorije i gledišta o istini se i dalje razmatraju među naučnicima, filozofima, i teolozima.[6] Jezik i reči kojima ljudi međusobno prenose informacije i metod koji se koristi za utvrđivanje „istine” se nazivaju kriterijumima istine. Postoje različiti stavovi o takvim pitanjima kao što je sadržaj istine: koje stvari imaju sposobnost nosioca istinosti, bilo istinske ili lažne; kako se može definisati, identifikovati i razlikovati istina; kakvu ulogu ima versko i empirijsko znanje; i da li je istina subjektivna ili objektivna, relativna ili apsolutna.

Fridrih Niče je poznat po tome što sugerisao da drevno, metafizičko verovanje u božanstvo Istine leži u osnovi i da je služilo kao fondacija za celokupnu kasniju zapadnu intelektualnu tradiciju: „Ali vi ćete shvatiti na šta ciljam, naime, da je to i dalje metafizička vera na kojoj počiva naša vera u nauku - da čak i mi današnji učenjaci, mi bezbožni anti-metafizičari i dalje uzimamo našu vatru sa plamena osvetljenog hiljadugodišnjom verom, hrišćanskom verom koja je isto tako bila Platonova vera, da je Bog istina, ta je istina 'božanska' ...”[7][8]

Narodna verovanja o istini[uredi | uredi izvor]

Predikat istine „P je istinito” ima veliku praktičnu vrednost u ljudskom jeziku. On omogućava efikasno odobravanje ili odbijanje tvrdnji, naglašavanje istinitosti ili lažnosti izjava, a omogućava i razne indirektne (Grajsove) konverzacijske implikacije.[9] Individue ili društva ponekad kažnjavaju „neistinite” izjave da bi odvratili širenje neistine;[10] najstariji preživeli zakonski tekst, Ur-Namuov zakonik, navodi kazne za lažne optužbe čarobnjaštva ili preljube, kao i za laganje pred sudom. Čak i četverogodišnja deca mogu da savladaju jednostavne testove „lažnih verovanja” i da uspešno procene da se verovanja druge osobe razlikuju od realnosti na specifičan način;[11] do odraslog doba razvijaju se snažne implicitne intuicije o „istini” koje formiraju „narodnu teoriju” istine. Ove intuicije obuhvataju:[12]

  • Hvatanje (T-in): Ako je P, onda je P istinito
  • Puštanje (T-out): Ako je P istinito, onda je P
  • Doslednost: Izjava ne može da bude istovremeno istinita i lažna
  • Normativnost: Obično je dobro da se veruje u poznavanje istine
  • Lažna uverenja: Pojam da verovanje datoj izjavi, nužno je ne čini istinitom

Poput mnogih narodnih teorija, one o istini su korisne u svakodnevnom životu, mada nakon dublje analize postaje očevidno da su one tehnički samo-kontradiktorne. Specifično, bilo koji formalni sistem koji je potpuno dosledan semantici istine „hvatanja i puštanja” (takođe poznatoj kao T-shema), i koji isto tako poštuje klasičnu logiku, verovatno je nedosledan i podložan paradoksu lažljivca ili sličnim kontradikcijama.[13]

Glavne teorije[uredi | uredi izvor]

Pitanje toga šta je valjana osnova odlučivanja o tome kako se reči, simboli, ideje i ubeđenja mogu validno smatrati istinitim, bilo sa gledišta jedne osobe ili čitavog društva, rešava set od pet najprevalentnijih materijalnih teorija. Svaka predstavlja perspektivu koja se široko prihvaćena među naučnicima.[14][15][16]

Međutim, supstantivne teorije nisu univerzalno prihvaćene. Nedavno su razvijene „deflacione” ili „minimalističke” teorije istine kao suprotnost starijim substantivnim teorijama. Minimalističko rezonovanje se centrira na pojmu da primena termina kao što je istinit u izjavi ne porvrđuje bilo šta značajno o njoj, na primer, bilo šta o njenoj prirodi. Minimalističko rezovanje shvata istinu kao oznaku koja se koristi u opštem diskursu kako bi se izrazila saglasnost, naglasile tvrdnje ili formirale opšte pretpostavke.[14][17][18]

Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

  1. ^ Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary, truth, 2005
  2. ^ Navedeno prema: B. Bošnjak, Filozofija od Aristotela do renesanse i odabrani tekstovi filozofa, pp. 230–231
  3. ^ http://aphelis.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Martin-Heidegger-On-the-Essence-of-Truth.pdf
  4. ^ „Martin Heidegger on Aletheia (Truth) as Unconcealment”. Архивирано из оригинала 26. 06. 2015. г. Приступљено 28. 10. 2017. 
  5. ^ „How to Make Our Ideas Clear”. Архивирано из оригинала 03. 10. 2018. г. Приступљено 28. 10. 2017. 
  6. ^ Burgess, Alexis G.and John P. Burgess (2011). Truth (hardcover) (1st изд.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691144016. Приступљено 4. 10. 2014. „a concise introduction to current philosophical debates about truth” 
  7. ^ Nietzsche, Friedrich; Williams, Bernard; Nauckhoff, Josefine (23. 8. 2001). „Nietzsche: The Gay Science: With a Prelude in German Rhymes and an Appendix of Songs”. Cambridge University Press — преко Google Books. 
  8. ^ Nietzsche, Friedrich (30. 10. 2006). „Nietzsche: 'On the Genealogy of Morality' and Other Writings Student Edition”. Cambridge University Press — преко Google Books. 
  9. ^ Scharp, Kevin (2013). „6: What is the Use?”. Replacing truth (First edition. изд.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199653850. 
  10. ^ „truth | philosophy and logic”. Encyclopedia Britannica (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 28. 7. 2017. „Truth is important. Believing what is not true is apt to spoil a person’s plans and may even cost him his life. Telling what is not true may result in legal and social penalties.” 
  11. ^ Wellman, Henry M., David Cross, and Julanne Watson. "Meta‐analysis of theory‐of‐mind development: the truth about false belief." Child development 72.3 (2001): 655-684.
  12. ^ Lynch, Michael P. "Alethic functionalism and our folk theory of truth." Synthese 145.1 (2005): 29-43.
  13. ^ Bueno, Otávio, and Mark Colyvan. "Logical non-apriorism and the law of non-contradiction." The law of non-contradiction: New philosophical essays (2004): 156-175.
  14. ^ а б Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Supp., "Truth", auth: Michael Williams, pp. 572–73 (Macmillan, 1996)
  15. ^ Blackburn, Simon, and Simmons, Keith (eds., 1999), Truth, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Includes papers by James, Ramsey, Russell, Tarski, and more recent work.
  16. ^ Hale, Bob; Wright, Crispin, ур. (1999). „A Companion to the Philosophy of Language”. A Companion to the Philosophy of Language. стр. 309—30. ISBN 9780631213260. doi:10.1111/b.9780631213260.1999.00015.x. 
  17. ^ Horwich, Paul, Truth, (2nd edition, 1988),
  18. ^ Field, Hartry, Truth and the Absence of Fact (2001).

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Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]

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