Pravda
Pravda predstavlja vrednosno načelo raspodele koje određuje koliko dobara i koliko tereta (odn. prava i obaveza) treba dati subjektima društvenih odnosa. S obzirom na to da raspodelu, preko zakona vrši država, evidentno je da između pravde i prava postoji neraskidiva veza.
Pravda je takođe i koncept pravičnog i moralnog postupanja prema svim osobama (vidi fizičko lice i pravno lice, posebno u zakonu. Na pravdu se često gleda kao na stalni napor da se čini ono što je „ispravno“. U najvećem broju slučajeva ispravnim se smatra ono što misli i oseća većina, ono što je logično, ili što zalazi u natprirodno, mistično.
Međutim neki pisci (npr. Kelzen) pravdi ne pridaje neki veći značaj (iako priznaje da je ona neophodni pokretač ljudskog delovanja), zato što u modernom društvu postoje samo interesi različitih društvenih grupa i njihov sukob. Taj se sukob može, od strane poretka, rešiti na dva načina - ili će se zadovoljiti interesi jedne grupe, nauštrb druge; ili će se naći kompromis gde nijedna od strana neće dobiti, ali ni mnogo izgubiti. Koje je od ova dva rešenja „pravedno“ u datom trenutku, nemoguće je odrediti, jer pravda nije racionalna kategorija, odn. ne postoji način da se ona precizno utvrdi ili izmeri.
Vrste pravde[uredi | uredi izvor]
Još je Aristotel dao podelu pravde. Po njemu, postoje dve vrste pravde - komutativna (ili korektivna) i distributivna.
Korektivna počiva na principu aritmetičke jednakosti - za izvršenu radnju, sledi odgovarajuće protivčinjenje; dok se distributivna oslanja na geometrijsku jednakost - postoji jedan viši subjekt (npr. država) koji potčinjenim subjektima, prema unapred utvrđenim kriterijumima, raspodeljuje prava i obaveze.
Teorije distributivne pravde[uredi | uredi izvor]
Teorije distributivne pravde moraju odgovoriti na tri pitanja:
- Koja roba se distribuira? Da li je to bogatstvo, moć, poštovanje, mogućnosti ili neka kombinacija ovih stvari?
- Između kojih entiteta će se distribuirati? Ljudi (mrtvi, živi, budući), živa bića, članovi jedinstvenog društva, nacije?
- Koja je pravilna distribucija? Jednaki, meritokratski, prema društvenom statusu, prema potrebi, zasnovano na imovinskim pravima i nenapadanju?
Teoretičari distributivne pravde generalno ne odgovaraju na pitanja ko ima pravo da sprovede određenu povlašćenu raspodelu, dok teoretičari imovinskih prava kažu da ne postoji „favorizovana raspodela“. Umesto toga, distribucija bi se trebala zasnivati jednostavno na bilo kojoj distribuciji koja proizlazi iz zakonitih interakcija ili transakcija (to jest transakcija koje nisu nezakonite).
Ovaj odeljak opisuje neke široko rasprostranjene teorije distributivne pravde i njihove pokušaje da odgovore na ova pitanja.
Socijalna pravda[uredi | uredi izvor]
Socijalna pravda obuhvata pravedan odnos između pojedinaca i njihovog društva, često uzimajući u obzir kako privilegije, mogućnosti i bogatstvo treba raspodijeliti među pojedincima.[2] Socijalna pravda je takođe povezana sa društvenom mobilnošću, posebno lakoćom sa kojom se pojedinci i porodice mogu kretati između društvenih slojeva.[3] Socijalna pravda se razlikuje od kosmopolitizma, što je ideja da svi ljudi pripadaju jednoj globalnoj zajednici sa zajedničkim moralom.[4] Socijalna pravda se takođe razlikuje od egalitarizma, što je ideja da su svi ljudi jednaki u pogledu statusa, vrednosti ili prava, jer sve teorije socijalne pravde ne zahtevaju jednakost.[5] Na primer, sociolog Džordž K. Homans je sugerisao da je koren koncepta pravde u tome da svaka osoba treba da dobije nagrade koje su srazmerne njenim doprinosima.[6][7] Ekonomista Fridrih Hajek je izjavio da je koncept socijalne pravde besmislen, tvrdeći da je pravda rezultat ponašanja pojedinca i nepredvidivih tržišnih sila.[8] Socijalna pravda je blisko povezana sa konceptom relacione pravde, koja se odnosi na pravedan odnos sa pojedincima koji imaju zajedničke osobine, poput nacionalnosti, ili koji su uključeni u saradnju ili pregovore.[9][10]
Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ Cuban Law's Blindfold, 23.
- ^ „social justice | Definition of social justice in English by Oxford Dictionaries”. Oxford Dictionaries | English. Arhivirano iz originala 14. 01. 2017. g. Pristupljeno 2018-11-13.
- ^ Ornstein, Allan C. (2017-12-01). „Social Justice: History, Purpose and Meaning”. Society (na jeziku: engleski). 54 (6): 541—548. ISSN 1936-4725. doi:10.1007/s12115-017-0188-8
.
- ^ Kleingeld, Pauline; Brown, Eric (2014), „Cosmopolitanism”, Ur.: Zalta, Edward N., The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2014 izd.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, Pristupljeno 2018-12-14
- ^ „egalitarianism | Definition of egalitarianism in English by Oxford Dictionaries”. Oxford Dictionaries | English. Arhivirano iz originala 13. 11. 2018. g. Pristupljeno 2018-11-13.
- ^ Rubinstein, David (1988). „The Concept of Justice in Sociology”. Theory and Society. 17 (4): 527—550. JSTOR 657654. S2CID 143622666. doi:10.1007/BF00158887.
- ^ Homans, George Caspar (1974). Social behavior; its elementary forms. (Rev. izd.). New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. str. 246–249. ISBN 978-0-15-581417-2. OCLC 2668194.
- ^ 1899-1992., Hayek, F.A. (Friedrich August) (1976). Law, legislation and liberty : a new statement of the liberal principles of justice and political economy. Routledge & Kegan Paul. str. 78. ISBN 978-0-7100-8403-3. OCLC 769281087.
- ^ Poblet, Marta; Casanovas, Pompeu (2008), „Concepts and Fields of Relational Justice”, Computable Models of the Law, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (na jeziku: engleski), Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, str. 323—339, ISBN 978-3-540-85568-2, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-85569-9_21
- ^ Nagel, Thomas (2005). „The Problem of Global Justice”. Philosophy & Public Affairs (na jeziku: engleski). 33 (2): 113—147. ISSN 1088-4963. doi:10.1111/j.1088-4963.2005.00027.x.
Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Clive Barnett (2017). The Priority of Injustice: Locating Democracy in Critical Theory. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0820351520.
- Brian Barry, Theories of Justice (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989)
- Harry Brighouse, Justice (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004)
- Anthony Duff; David Garland, ur. (1994). A Reader on Punishment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Colin Farrelly (2004). An Introduction to Contemporary Political Theory. London: Sage.
- Barzilai Gad, Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2003)
- David Gauthier (1986). Morals By Agreement. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-824746-3.
- Robert E. Goodin & Philip Pettit eds, Contemporary Political Philosophy: An anthology (2nd edition, Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell, 2006), Part III
- Serge Guinchard, La justice et ses institutions (Judicial institutions), Dalloz editor, 12 edition, 2013
- Eric Heinze, The Concept of Injustice (Routledge, 2013)
- Ted Honderich, Punishment: The supposed justifications (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1969)
- James Konow (2003) "Which Is the Fairest One of All? A Positive Analysis of Justice Theories", Journal of Economic Literature, 41(4)pp. 1188–1239
- Will Kymlicka, Contemporary Political Philosophy: An introduction (2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002)
- Nicola Lacey, State Punishment (London: Routledge, 1988)
- John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism in On Liberty and Other Essays ed. John Gray. . Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1991.
- Robert Nozick (1974). Anarchy, State, and Utopia. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 9780465097203.
- Amartya Sen (2011). The Idea of Justice. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-06047-0.
- C. L. Ten, Crime, Guilt, and Punishment: A philosophical introduction (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987)
- Plato, Republic trans. Robin Waterfield. . Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1994.
- John Rawls (1999). A Theory of Justice. revised edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- David Schmidtz, Elements of Justice (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006)
- Peter Singer, ур. (1993). A Companion to Ethics. Oxford: Blackwell., Part IV
- Reinhold Zippelius, Rechtsphilosophie, §§ 11–22 (6th edition, Munich: C.H. Beck). 2011. ISBN 978-3-406-61191-9.
- Annas, Julia (1981). An Introduction to Plato's Republic. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Benardete, Seth (1989). Socrates' Second Sailing: On Plato's Republic. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Blackburn, Simon (2007). Plato's Republic: A Biography. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.
- Bosanquet, B. (1895). A Companion to Plato's Republic. London: Rivington, Percival & Co.
- Cairns, Douglas, ur. (2007). Pursuing the good. University of Edinburgh Press.
- Craig, Leon (1994). The War Lover: A Study of Plato's Republic
. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9780802005861. - Cross, R.C. (1964). Plato's Republic: A Philosophical Commentary. London: Macmillan.
- Dixsaut, Monique (2005). études sur la république de platon. france: vrin.
- Ferrari, G.R.F., ur. (2007). The Cambridge Companion to Plato's Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Howland, Jacob (1993). The Republic: The Odyssey of Philosophy. Philadelphia: Paul Dry Books.
- Hyland, Drew (1995). Finitude and transcendence in the Platonic dialogues.
- Kraut, Richard, ur. (1997). Plato's Republic: Critical Essays. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
- LeMoine, Rebecca (2020). Plato's Caves: The Liberating Sting of Cultural Diversity. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Levinson, Ronald (1953). In Defense of Plato. Cambridge: Harvard.
- Lisi, Francisco, ur. (2007). The Ascent to the Good. London: Academia Verlag.
- Mayhew, Robert (1997). Aristotle's Criticism of Plato's Republic. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
- McNeill, David (2010). An Image of the Soul in Speech. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
- Mitchell, Basil; Lucas, J.R. (2003). An Engagement with Plato's Republic: A Companion to Plato's Republic. Aldershot: Ashgate.
- Murphy, N.R. (1951). The Interpretation of Plato's Republic. Oxford: Oxford U.P.
- Nettleship, Richard. (1898). Lectures on The Republic of Plato. London.
- Nettleship, Richard. (1935). The Theory of Education in Plato's Republic. London: Oxford.
- Ophir, Adi (1991). Plato's Invisible Cities. London: Routledge.
- Pappas, Nikolas (1995). Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Plato and the Republic. London: Routledge.
- Piechowiak, Marek (2021). Plato's Conception of Justice and the Question of Human Dignity. Berlin: Peter Lang.
- Purshouse, Luke (2007). Plato's Republic. London: Continuum.
- Reeve, C.D.C. (1988). Philosopher-Kings: The Argument of Plato's Republic. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Rice, Daryl H. (1998). A Guide to Plato's Republic. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Roochnik, David (2003). Beautiful City. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
- Rosen, Stanley (2005). Plato's Republic: A Study. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- Santas, Gerasimos, ur. (2006). The Blackwell Guide to Plato's Republic. Oxford: Blackwell.
- Santas, Gerasimos, ur. (2010). understanding Plato's Republic. Oxford: wiley-Blackwell.
- Sayers, Sean (1999). Plato's Republic: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748611881.
- Sesonske, Alexander, ur. (1966). Plato's Republic: Interpretation and Criticism. Belmont: Wadsworth.
- Sinaiko, Herman (1998). Reclaiming the Canon. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300065299.
- Strauss, Leo (1964). The City and Man. Chicago: Rand McNally.
- White, Nicholas P. (1979). A Companion to Plato's Republic. Indianapolis: Hackett.
- Wild, John (1946). Plato's Theory of Man. Cambridge: Harvard.
- Wild, John (1953). Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law. Chicago: University of Chicago.
- Adams, Robert Merrihew (2002). Finite and Infinite Goods: A Framework for Ethics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515371-5.
- Baggett, David; Walls, Jerry (2011). Good God:The Theistic Foundations of Morality. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199751808.
- Chandler, Hugh (2007). Platonistic And Disenchanting Theories of Ethics. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-0-8204-8858-5.
- Connolly, Peggy; Keller, David; Leever, Martin; White, Becky Cox (2009). Ethics in Action: A Case-Based Approach. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-40517-098-7.
- Cross, Richard (1999). Duns Scotus. ISBN 978-0195125535.
- Evans, C. Stephen (2004). Kierkegaard's Ethic of Love: Divine Commands and Moral Obligations. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-927217-4.
- Geirsson, Heimir; Holmgren, Maragaret (2010). Ethical Theory: A Concise Anthology. Broadview Press. ISBN 978-1-55481-015-4.
- Harris, Michael (2003). Divine Command Ethics: Jewish and Christian Perspectives. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-29769-1.
- Helm, Paul (1981). Divine Commands and Morality. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-875049-8.
- Kowalski, Dean (2011). Moral Theory at the Movies: An Introduction to Ethics. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-44221-455-2.
- Langermann, Tzvi (2011). Monotheism & Ethics: Historical and Contemporary Intersections among Judaism, Christianity and Islam. BRILL. ISBN 9789004194298.
- Martin, Michael (1993). The Case Against Christianity. Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1-56639-081-1.
- Phillips, D. Z.; Tessin, Timothy (2000). Kant and Kierkegaard on Religion. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-31223-234-4.
- Rae, Scott (2009). Moral Choices: An Introduction to Ethics. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-31032-323-5.
- Shermer, Michael (2005). Why People Believe Weird Things. Henry Hold & Company. ISBN 0-8050-7769-3.
- Morris, Thomas (1988). Divine & Human Action. Cornell University Press. Being and goodness. ISBN 0-8014-9517-2.
- Pojman, Louis; Rea, Michael (2008). Philosophy of Religion: An Anthology. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-09504-0.
- Quinn, Philip (2000). The Blackwell Guide to Ethical Theory. Blackwell Publishers. Divine command theory.
- Swinburne, Richard (1977). The Coherence of Theism. Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-824410-X.
- Wainwright, William J. (2005). Religion and morality. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-1632-0.
- Williams, Thomas (2013). „John Duns Scotus”. Ur.: Edward N. Zalta. John Duns Scotus. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2013 izd.).
- Williams, Thomas, ur. (2002). The Cambridge Companion to Duns Scotus. ISBN 978-0521635639.
Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]
Mediji na Ostavi
Definicije iz Vikirečnika
Podaci na Vikipodacima- Distributive Justice, by Michael Allingham
- Punishment, by Kevin Murtagh
- Western Theories of Justice, by Wayne P. Pomerleau
- "Justice" by David Miller
- "Distributive Justice" by Julian Lamont
- "Justice as a Virtue" by Michael Slote
- "Punishment" by Hugo Adam Bedau and Erin Kelly
- United Nations Rule of Law: Informal Justice, on the relationship between informal/community justice, the rule of law and the United Nations
- Justice: What's The Right Thing To Do? Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (27. april 2014), a series of 12 videos on the subject of justice by Harvard University's Michael Sandel, with reading materials and comments from participants.
