Списак добитника Нобелове награде
Из Википедије, слободне енциклопедије
Nobelовци 2012. Alvin E. Roth, Brian Kobilka, Robert J. Lefkowitz, David J. Wineland, и Serge Haroche током церемоније
Нобелове награде ( на шведском Nobelpriset, на норвешком Nobelprisen) су награде додељене годишње од стране шведске краљевске академије наука, Шведске академије, Института Каролинска, и норвешког Нобеловог комитета појединцима и организацијама који чине изузетан допринос у области хемије, физике, књижевноси, мира и физиологије или медицине. [1] Оне су уведене 1895. вољом Алфреда Нобела, који диктира да треба да награде додељује Нобелова фондација.Нобелова награда за економске науке је уведена 1968. од стране Sveriges Riksbank-a, централне банке Шведске, за допринос у области економије. Сваки прималац, или "лауреат", добија златну медаљу, диплому и извесну суму новца, који одлучује Нобелова фондација, годишње. [2]
Награда[уреди]
Свака награда се додељује од стране посебног одбора; шведска краљевска академија наука додељује награде за физику, хемију, и привреду, Институт Каролинска награде за физиологију или медицину, као и норвешки Нобелов комитет награде за мир.[3] Сваки прималац добија медаљу, диплому и новчану награду која варира током година.[2] Године 1901, примаоци првих Нобелових награда добили су 150.782 SEK, што је једнако 7,731,004 SЕК у децембру 2007. 2008. лауреати су добили наградни износ од 10.000.000 SЕК.[4] Награде су предате у Стокхолму 10. децембра на годишњицу Нобелове смрти.[5]
У годинама у којима се Нобелова награда не додељује због екстерних догађаја или недостатка номинација, награда се враћа средствима додељеним за релевантну награду.[6] Нобелова награда није додељена између 1940 и 1942, због избијања Другог светског рата.[7]
Лауреати[уреди]
Између 1901. и 2012., Нобелове награде и Нобелове награде за економију су додељене 555 пута 863 особа и организација. Не рачунајући вишеструке добитнике, то чини укупно 835 појединаца и 21 организација. Четворици добитника Нобелове награде је забрањено од стране својих влада да прихвате Нобелову награду. Адолф Хитлер је забранио тројици Немаца, Ричарда Куна (хемија, 1938), Адолфа Бутенанда (хемија, 1939), и Герхарда Домагк (физиологија или медицина, 1939), да приме своје Нобелове награде, а влада СССР је натерала Бориса Пастернака (литература, 1958) да одбије његову награду. Два добитника Нобелове награде, Жан-Пол Сартр (литература, 1964) и Ле Дук То (Мир, 1973), су одбили награду својом вољом; Сартр је одбио награду јер је одбијао све званичне почасти, а Ле је одбио награду због ситуације Вијетнама у том тренутку. Шест лауреата је примило више од једне награде, од шест, Међународни комитет Црвеног крста је добио Нобелову награду за мир три пута, више него било ко други..[8] УНХЦР је два пута награђен Нобеловом наградом за мир. Такође, Нобелова награда за физику је додељена Џону Бардину два пута, као и Нобелова награда за хемију Фредерику Сангеру. Два лауреата су је добили два пута, али не у истом пољу: Марија Кири (физика и хемија) и Линус Паулинг (Хемија и мир). Међу 826 добитника Нобелове награде, 43 су биле жене, прва жена која је добила Нобелову награду била је Марија Кири, која је добила Нобелову награду за физику 1903.[9] Она је такође била прва особа (мушка или женска) којој је додељена Нобелова награда два пут, друга је била Нобелова награда за хемију, добијена 1911.ref name="NobelFacts"/>
Листа лауреата[уреди]
| Година | Физика | Хемија | Физиологија или медицина |
Литература | Мир | Економија |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1901 | Вилхелм Рендген | Јакобус Хенрикус ван 'т Хоф | Емил Адолф фон Беринг | Сили Придом | Анри Динан; Фредерик Паси |
— |
| 1902 | Хендрик Лоренц; Питер Земан |
Херман Емил Фишер | Роналд Рос | Теодор Момзен | Ели Дјукмен; Шарл Албер Гоба |
— |
| 1903 | Анри Бекерел; Пјер Кири; Марија Кири |
Сванте Аренијус | Нилс Риберг Финзен | Бјернстјерне Бјернсон | Рандал Кример | — |
| 1904 | Џон Вилијам Страт | Вилијам Ремзи | Иван Павлов | Фредерик Мистрал; Хосе Ечегарај |
Институт међународног права | — |
| 1905 | Филип Ленард | Адолф фон Бајер | Роберт Кох | Хенрик Сјенкјевич | Берта фон Сутнер | — |
| 1906 | Thomson, J. J.J. J. Thomson | Moissan, HenriHenri Moissan | Golgi, CamilloCamillo Golgi; Ramón y Cajal, SantiagoSantiago Ramón y Cajal |
Carducci, GiosuèGiosuè Carducci | Roosevelt, TheodoreTheodore Roosevelt | — |
| 1907 | Michelson, Albert AbrahamAlbert Abraham Michelson | Buchner, EduardEduard Buchner | Laveran, Charles Louis AlphonseCharles Louis Alphonse Laveran | Kipling, RudyardRudyard Kipling | Moneta, Ernesto TeodoroErnesto Teodoro Moneta; Renault, LouisLouis Renault |
— |
| 1908 | Lippmann, GabrielGabriel Lippmann | Rutherford, ErnestErnest Rutherford | Metchnikoff, ÉlieÉlie Metchnikoff; Ehrlich, PaulPaul Ehrlich |
Eucken, Rudolf ChristophRudolf Christoph Eucken | Arnoldson, Klas PontusKlas Pontus Arnoldson; Bajer, FredrikFredrik Bajer |
— |
| 1909 | Braun, Karl FerdinandKarl Ferdinand Braun; Marconi, GuglielmoGuglielmo Marconi |
Ostwald, WilhelmWilhelm Ostwald | Kocher, Emil TheodorEmil Theodor Kocher | Lagerlöf, SelmaSelma Lagerlöf | Beernaert, Auguste Marie FrançoisAuguste Marie François Beernaert; d'Estournelles de Constant, Paul-Henri-BenjaminPaul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant |
— |
| 1910 | Waals, Johannes Diderik van derJohannes Diderik van der Waals | Wallach, OttoOtto Wallach | Kossel, AlbrechtAlbrecht Kossel | Heyse, PaulPaul Heyse | International Peace Bureau | — |
| 1911 | Wien, WilhelmWilhelm Wien | Curie, MarieMarie Curie | Gullstrand, AllvarAllvar Gullstrand | Maeterlinck, MauriceMaurice Maeterlinck | Asser, TobiasTobias Asser; Fried, Alfred HermannAlfred Hermann Fried |
— |
| 1912 | Dalén, GustafGustaf Dalén | Grignard, VictorVictor Grignard; Sabatier, PaulPaul Sabatier |
Carrel, AlexisAlexis Carrel | Hauptmann, GerhartGerhart Hauptmann | Root, ElihuElihu Root | — |
| 1913 | Kamerlingh Onnes, HeikeHeike Kamerlingh Onnes | Werner, AlfredAlfred Werner | Richet, CharlesCharles Richet | Tagore, RabindranathRabindranath Tagore | La Fontaine, HenriHenri La Fontaine | — |
| 1914 | von Laue, MaxMax von Laue | Richards, Theodore WilliamTheodore William Richards | Bárány, RobertRobert Bárány | None | None | — |
| 1915 | Bragg, William HenryWilliam Henry Bragg; Bragg, William LawrenceWilliam Lawrence Bragg |
Willstätter, RichardRichard Willstätter | None | Rolland, RomainRomain Rolland | None | — |
| 1916 | None | None | None | Heidenstam, Verner vonVerner von Heidenstam | None | — |
| 1917 | Barkla, Charles GloverCharles Glover Barkla | None | None | Gjellerup, Karl AdolphKarl Adolph Gjellerup; Pontoppidan, HenrikHenrik Pontoppidan |
International Committee of the Red Cross | — |
| 1918 | Planck, MaxMax Planck | Haber, FritzFritz Haber | None | None | None | — |
| 1919 | Stark, JohannesJohannes Stark | None | Bordet, JulesJules Bordet | Spitteler, CarlCarl Spitteler | Wilson, WoodrowWoodrow Wilson | — |
| 1920 | Guillaume, Charles ÉdouardCharles Édouard Guillaume | Nernst, WaltherWalther Nernst | Krogh, AugustAugust Krogh | Hamsun, KnutKnut Hamsun | Bourgeois, LéonLéon Bourgeois | — |
| 1921 | Einstein, AlbertAlbert Einstein | Soddy, FrederickFrederick Soddy | None | France, AnatoleAnatole France | Branting, HjalmarHjalmar Branting; Lange, Christian LousChristian Lous Lange |
— |
| 1922 | Bohr, NielsNiels Bohr | Aston, Francis WilliamFrancis William Aston | Hill, ArchibaldArchibald Hill; Meyerhof, Otto FritzOtto Fritz Meyerhof |
Benavente, JacintoJacinto Benavente | Nansen, FridtjofFridtjof Nansen | — |
| 1923 | Millikan, Robert AndrewsRobert Andrews Millikan | Pregl, FritzFritz Pregl | Banting, FrederickFrederick Banting; Macleod, John James RickardJohn James Rickard Macleod |
Yeats, W. B.W. B. Yeats | None | — |
| 1924 | Siegbahn, ManneManne Siegbahn | None | Einthoven, WillemWillem Einthoven | Reymont, WładysławWładysław Reymont | None | — |
| 1925 | Franck, JamesJames Franck; Hertz, Gustav LudwigGustav Ludwig Hertz |
Zsigmondy, Richard AdolfRichard Adolf Zsigmondy | None | Shaw, George BernardGeorge Bernard Shaw | Chamberlain, AustenAusten Chamberlain; Dawes, Charles G.Charles G. Dawes |
— |
| 1926 | Perrin, Jean BaptisteJean Baptiste Perrin | Svedberg, TheodorTheodor Svedberg | Fibiger, JohannesJohannes Fibiger | Deledda, GraziaGrazia Deledda | Briand, AristideAristide Briand; Stresemann, GustavGustav Stresemann |
— |
| 1927 | Compton, ArthurArthur Compton; Wilson, Charles Thomson ReesCharles Thomson Rees Wilson |
Wieland, Heinrich OttoHeinrich Otto Wieland | Wagner-Jauregg, JuliusJulius Wagner-Jauregg | Bergson, HenriHenri Bergson | Buisson, FerdinandFerdinand Buisson; Quidde, LudwigLudwig Quidde |
— |
| 1928 | Richardson, Owen WillansOwen Willans Richardson | Windaus, Adolf Otto ReinholdAdolf Otto Reinhold Windaus | Nicolle, CharlesCharles Nicolle | Undset, SigridSigrid Undset | None | — |
| 1929 | Broglie, Louis deLouis de Broglie | Harden, ArthurArthur Harden; von Euler-Chelpin, HansHans von Euler-Chelpin |
Eijkman, ChristiaanChristiaan Eijkman; Hopkins, Frederick GowlandFrederick Gowland Hopkins |
Mann, ThomasThomas Mann | Kellogg, Frank B.Frank B. Kellogg | — |
| 1930 | Raman, C. V.C. V. Raman | Fischer, HansHans Fischer | Landsteiner, KarlKarl Landsteiner | Lewis, SinclairSinclair Lewis | Söderblom, NathanNathan Söderblom | — |
| 1931 | None | Bosch, CarlCarl Bosch; Bergius, FriedrichFriedrich Bergius |
Warburg, Otto HeinrichOtto Heinrich Warburg | Karlfeldt, Erik AxelErik Axel Karlfeldt | Addams, JaneJane Addams; Butler, Nicholas MurrayNicholas Murray Butler |
— |
| 1932 | Heisenberg, WernerWerner Heisenberg | Langmuir, IrvingIrving Langmuir | Sherrington, Charles ScottCharles Scott Sherrington; Adrian, EdgarEdgar Adrian |
Galsworthy, JohnJohn Galsworthy | None | — |
| 1933 | Schrödinger, ErwinErwin Schrödinger; Dirac, PaulPaul Dirac |
None | Morgan, Thomas HuntThomas Hunt Morgan | Bunin, IvanIvan Bunin | Angell, NormanNorman Angell | — |
| 1934 | None | Urey, HaroldHarold Urey | Whipple, GeorgeGeorge Whipple; Minot, GeorgeGeorge Minot; Murphy, William P.William P. Murphy |
Pirandello, LuigiLuigi Pirandello | Henderson, ArthurArthur Henderson | — |
| 1935 | Chadwick, JamesJames Chadwick | Joliot-Curie, FrédéricFrédéric Joliot-Curie; Joliot-Curie, IrèneIrène Joliot-Curie |
Spemann, HansHans Spemann | None | von Ossietzky, CarlCarl von Ossietzky | — |
| 1936 | Hess, Victor FrancisVictor Francis Hess; Anderson, Carl DavidCarl David Anderson |
Debye, PeterPeter Debye | Dale, Henry HallettHenry Hallett Dale; Loewi, OttoOtto Loewi |
O'Neill, EugeneEugene O'Neill | Lamas, Carlos SaavedraCarlos Saavedra Lamas | — |
| 1937 | Davisson, ClintonClinton Davisson; Thomson, George PagetGeorge Paget Thomson |
Haworth, NormanNorman Haworth; Karrer, PaulPaul Karrer |
Szent-Györgyi, AlbertAlbert Szent-Györgyi | du Gard, Roger MartinRoger Martin du Gard | Cecil of Chelwood, The ViscountThe Viscount Cecil of Chelwood | — |
| 1938 | Fermi, EnricoEnrico Fermi | Kuhn, RichardRichard Kuhn[A] | Heymans, CorneilleCorneille Heymans | Buck, Pearl S.Pearl S. Buck | Nansen International Office For Refugees | — |
| 1939 | Lawrence, ErnestErnest Lawrence | Butenandt, AdolfAdolf Butenandt;[A] Ružička, LeopoldLeopold Ružička |
Domagk, GerhardGerhard Domagk[A] | Sillanpää, Frans EemilFrans Eemil Sillanpää | None | — |
| 1940 | None | None | None | None | None | — |
| 1941 | None | None | None | None | None | — |
| 1942 | None | None | None | None | None | — |
| 1943 | Stern, OttoOtto Stern | Hevesy, George deGeorge de Hevesy | Dam, HenrikHenrik Dam; Doisy, Edward AdelbertEdward Adelbert Doisy |
None | None | — |
| 1944 | Rabi, Isidor IsaacIsidor Isaac Rabi | Hahn, OttoOtto Hahn | Erlanger, JosephJoseph Erlanger; Gasser, Herbert SpencerHerbert Spencer Gasser |
Jensen, Johannes VilhelmJohannes Vilhelm Jensen | International Committee of the Red Cross | — |
| 1945 | Pauli, WolfgangWolfgang Pauli | Virtanen, Artturi IlmariArtturi Ilmari Virtanen | Fleming, AlexanderAlexander Fleming; Chain, Ernst BorisErnst Boris Chain; Florey, HowardHoward Florey |
Mistral, GabrielaGabriela Mistral | Hull, CordellCordell Hull | — |
| 1946 | Bridgman, Percy WilliamsPercy Williams Bridgman | Sumner, James B.James B. Sumner; Northrop, John HowardJohn Howard Northrop; Stanley, Wendell MeredithWendell Meredith Stanley |
Muller, Hermann JosephHermann Joseph Muller | Hesse, HermannHermann Hesse | Balch, Emily GreeneEmily Greene Balch; Mott, JohnJohn Mott |
— |
| 1947 | Appleton, Edward VictorEdward Victor Appleton | Robinson, RobertRobert Robinson | Cori, Carl FerdinandCarl Ferdinand Cori; Cori, GertyGerty Cori; Houssay, BernardoBernardo Houssay |
Gide, AndréAndré Gide | Friends Service Council; American Friends Service Committee |
— |
| 1948 | Blackett, PatrickPatrick Blackett | Tiselius, ArneArne Tiselius | Müller, Paul HermannPaul Hermann Müller | Eliot, T. S.T. S. Eliot | None[B] | — |
| 1949 | Yukawa, HidekiHideki Yukawa | Giauque, WilliamWilliam Giauque | Hess, Walter RudolfWalter Rudolf Hess; Moniz, António EgasAntónio Egas Moniz |
Faulkner, WilliamWilliam Faulkner | Boyd Orr, JohnJohn Boyd Orr | — |
| 1950 | Powell, C. F.C. F. Powell | Diels, OttoOtto Diels; Alder, KurtKurt Alder |
Hench, Philip ShowalterPhilip Showalter Hench; Kendall, Edward CalvinEdward Calvin Kendall; Reichstein, TadeusTadeus Reichstein |
Russell, BertrandBertrand Russell | Bunche, RalphRalph Bunche | — |
| 1951 | Cockcroft, JohnJohn Cockcroft; Walton, ErnestErnest Walton |
McMillan, EdwinEdwin McMillan; Seaborg, Glenn T.Glenn T. Seaborg |
Theiler, MaxMax Theiler | Lagerkvist, PärPär Lagerkvist | Jouhaux, LéonLéon Jouhaux | — |
| 1952 | Bloch, FelixFelix Bloch; Purcell, Edward MillsEdward Mills Purcell |
Martin, Archer John PorterArcher John Porter Martin; Synge, Richard Laurence MillingtonRichard Laurence Millington Synge |
Waksman, SelmanSelman Waksman | Mauriac, FrançoisFrançois Mauriac | Schweitzer, AlbertAlbert Schweitzer | — |
| 1953 | Zernike, FritsFrits Zernike | Staudinger, HermannHermann Staudinger | Krebs, Hans AdolfHans Adolf Krebs; Lipmann, Fritz AlbertFritz Albert Lipmann |
Churchill, WinstonWinston Churchill | Marshall, GeorgeGeorge Marshall | — |
| 1954 | Born, MaxMax Born; Bothe, WaltherWalther Bothe |
Pauling, LinusLinus Pauling | Enders, John FranklinJohn Franklin Enders; Robbins, Frederick ChapmanFrederick Chapman Robbins; Weller, Thomas HuckleThomas Huckle Weller |
Hemingway, ErnestErnest Hemingway | United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | — |
| 1955 | Lamb, WillisWillis Lamb; Kusch, PolykarpPolykarp Kusch |
du Vigneaud, VincentVincent du Vigneaud | Theorell, HugoHugo Theorell | Laxness, HalldórHalldór Laxness | None | — |
| 1956 | Bardeen, JohnJohn Bardeen; Brattain, Walter HouserWalter Houser Brattain; Shockley, WilliamWilliam Shockley |
Hinshelwood, Cyril NormanCyril Norman Hinshelwood; Semyonov, NikolayNikolay Semyonov |
Cournand, André FrédéricAndré Frédéric Cournand; Forssmann, WernerWerner Forssmann; Richards, Dickinson W.Dickinson W. Richards |
Jiménez, Juan RamónJuan Ramón Jiménez | None | — |
| 1957 | Yang, Chen NingChen Ning Yang; Lee, Tsung-DaoTsung-Dao Lee |
Todd, The LordThe Lord Todd | Bovet, DanielDaniel Bovet | Camus, AlbertAlbert Camus | Pearson, Lester B.Lester B. Pearson | — |
| 1958 | Cherenkov, PavelPavel Cherenkov; Frank, IlyaIlya Frank; Tamm, IgorIgor Tamm |
Sanger, FrederickFrederick Sanger | Beadle, George WellsGeorge Wells Beadle; Tatum, Edward LawrieEdward Lawrie Tatum; Lederberg, JoshuaJoshua Lederberg |
Pasternak, BorisBoris Pasternak[C] | Pire, DominiqueDominique Pire | — |
| 1959 | Segrè, Emilio G.Emilio G. Segrè; Chamberlain, OwenOwen Chamberlain |
Heyrovský, JaroslavJaroslav Heyrovský | Kornberg, ArthurArthur Kornberg; Ochoa, SeveroSevero Ochoa |
Quasimodo, SalvatoreSalvatore Quasimodo | Noel-Baker, PhilipPhilip Noel-Baker | — |
| 1960 | Glaser, Donald A.Donald A. Glaser | Libby, WillardWillard Libby | Burnet, Frank MacfarlaneFrank Macfarlane Burnet; Medawar, PeterPeter Medawar |
Perse, Saint-JohnSaint-John Perse | Lutuli, AlbertAlbert Lutuli | — |
| 1961 | Hofstadter, RobertRobert Hofstadter; Mössbauer, RudolfRudolf Mössbauer |
Calvin, MelvinMelvin Calvin | von Békésy, GeorgGeorg von Békésy | Andrić, IvoIvo Andrić | Hammarskjöld, DagDag Hammarskjöld | — |
| 1962 | Landau, LevLev Landau | Perutz, MaxMax Perutz; Kendrew, JohnJohn Kendrew |
Crick, FrancisFrancis Crick; Watson, James D.James D. Watson; Wilkins, MauriceMaurice Wilkins |
Steinbeck, JohnJohn Steinbeck | Pauling, LinusLinus Pauling | — |
| 1963 | Wigner, EugeneEugene Wigner; Goeppert-Mayer, MariaMaria Goeppert-Mayer; Jensen, J. Hans D.J. Hans D. Jensen |
Ziegler, KarlKarl Ziegler; Natta, GiulioGiulio Natta |
Eccles, JohnJohn Eccles; Hodgkin, Alan LloydAlan Lloyd Hodgkin; Huxley, AndrewAndrew Huxley |
Seferis, GiorgosGiorgos Seferis | International Committee of the Red Cross; League of Red Cross societies |
— |
| 1964 | Townes, Charles HardCharles Hard Townes; Basov, NikolayNikolay Basov; Prokhorov, AlexanderAlexander Prokhorov |
Hodgkin, DorothyDorothy Hodgkin | Bloch, Konrad EmilKonrad Emil Bloch; Lynen, Feodor Felix KonradFeodor Felix Konrad Lynen |
Sartre, Jean-PaulJean-Paul Sartre[D] | King, Jr., Martin LutherMartin Luther King, Jr. | — |
| 1965 | Tomonaga, Sin-ItiroSin-Itiro Tomonaga; Schwinger, JulianJulian Schwinger; Feynman, RichardRichard Feynman |
Woodward, Robert BurnsRobert Burns Woodward | Jacob, FrançoisFrançois Jacob; Lwoff, André MichelAndré Michel Lwoff; Monod, JacquesJacques Monod |
Sholokhov, MikhailMikhail Sholokhov | United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) | — |
| 1966 | Kastler, AlfredAlfred Kastler | Mulliken, Robert S.Robert S. Mulliken | Rous, Francis PeytonFrancis Peyton Rous; Huggins, Charles BrentonCharles Brenton Huggins |
Agnon, Shmuel YosefShmuel Yosef Agnon; Sachs, NellyNelly Sachs |
None | — |
| 1967 | Bethe, HansHans Bethe | Eigen, ManfredManfred Eigen; Norrish, Ronald George WreyfordRonald George Wreyford Norrish; Porter, GeorgeGeorge Porter |
Granit, RagnarRagnar Granit; Hartline, Haldan KefferHaldan Keffer Hartline; Wald, GeorgeGeorge Wald |
Asturias, Miguel ÁngelMiguel Ángel Asturias | None | — |
| 1968 | Alvarez, Luis WalterLuis Walter Alvarez | Onsager, LarsLars Onsager | Holley, Robert W.Robert W. Holley; Khorana, Har GobindHar Gobind Khorana; Nirenberg, Marshall WarrenMarshall Warren Nirenberg |
Kawabata, YasunariYasunari Kawabata | Cassin, RenéRené Cassin | — |
| 1969 | Gell-Mann, MurrayMurray Gell-Mann | Barton, DerekDerek Barton; Hassel, OddOdd Hassel |
Delbrück, MaxMax Delbrück; Hershey, AlfredAlfred Hershey; Luria, SalvadorSalvador Luria |
Beckett, SamuelSamuel Beckett | International Labour Organization | Frisch, RagnarRagnar Frisch; Tinbergen, JanJan Tinbergen |
| 1970 | Alfvén, HannesHannes Alfvén; Néel, LouisLouis Néel |
Leloir, Luis FedericoLuis Federico Leloir | Axelrod, JuliusJulius Axelrod; von Euler, UlfUlf von Euler; Katz, BernardBernard Katz |
Solzhenitsyn, AleksandrAleksandr Solzhenitsyn | Borlaug, NormanNorman Borlaug | Samuelson, PaulPaul Samuelson |
| 1971 | Gabor, DennisDennis Gabor | Herzberg, GerhardGerhard Herzberg | Sutherland, Jr., Earl WilburEarl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr. | Neruda, PabloPablo Neruda | Brandt, WillyWilly Brandt | Kuznets, SimonSimon Kuznets |
| 1972 | Bardeen, JohnJohn Bardeen; Cooper, LeonLeon Cooper; Schrieffer, John RobertJohn Robert Schrieffer |
Anfinsen, Christian B.Christian B. Anfinsen; Moore, StanfordStanford Moore; Stein, William HowardWilliam Howard Stein |
Edelman, GeraldGerald Edelman; Porter, Rodney RobertRodney Robert Porter |
Böll, HeinrichHeinrich Böll | None | Hicks, JohnJohn Hicks; Arrow, KennethKenneth Arrow |
| 1973 | Esaki, LeoLeo Esaki; Giaever, IvarIvar Giaever; Josephson, Brian DavidBrian David Josephson |
Fischer, Ernst OttoErnst Otto Fischer; Wilkinson, GeoffreyGeoffrey Wilkinson |
von Frisch, KarlKarl von Frisch; Lorenz, KonradKonrad Lorenz; Tinbergen, NikolaasNikolaas Tinbergen |
White, PatrickPatrick White | Kissinger, HenryHenry Kissinger; Duc Tho, LeLe Duc Tho[E] |
Leontief, WassilyWassily Leontief |
| 1974 | Ryle, MartinMartin Ryle; Hewish, AntonyAntony Hewish |
Flory, PaulPaul Flory | Claude, AlbertAlbert Claude; de Duve, ChristianChristian de Duve; Palade, George EmilGeorge Emil Palade |
Johnson, EyvindEyvind Johnson; Martinson, HarryHarry Martinson |
MacBride, SeánSeán MacBride; Satō, EisakuEisaku Satō |
Myrdal, GunnarGunnar Myrdal; Hayek, FriedrichFriedrich Hayek |
| 1975 | Bohr, AageAage Bohr; Mottelson, Ben RoyBen Roy Mottelson; Rainwater, JamesJames Rainwater |
Cornforth, JohnJohn Cornforth; Prelog, VladimirVladimir Prelog |
Baltimore, DavidDavid Baltimore; Dulbecco, RenatoRenato Dulbecco; Temin, Howard MartinHoward Martin Temin |
Montale, EugenioEugenio Montale | Sakharov, AndreiAndrei Sakharov | Kantorovich, LeonidLeonid Kantorovich; Koopmans, TjallingTjalling Koopmans |
| 1976 | Richter, BurtonBurton Richter; Ting, Samuel C. C.Samuel C. C. Ting |
Lipscomb, WilliamWilliam Lipscomb | Blumberg, Baruch SamuelBaruch Samuel Blumberg; Gajdusek, Daniel CarletonDaniel Carleton Gajdusek |
Bellow, SaulSaul Bellow | Williams, BettyBetty Williams; Maguire, MaireadMairead Maguire |
Friedman, MiltonMilton Friedman |
| 1977 | Anderson, Philip WarrenPhilip Warren Anderson; Mott, Nevill FrancisNevill Francis Mott; Van Vleck, John HasbrouckJohn Hasbrouck Van Vleck |
Prigogine, IlyaIlya Prigogine | Guillemin, RogerRoger Guillemin; Schally, AndrewAndrew Schally; Yalow, Rosalyn SussmanRosalyn Sussman Yalow |
Aleixandre, VicenteVicente Aleixandre | Amnesty International | Ohlin, BertilBertil Ohlin; Meade, JamesJames Meade |
| 1978 | Kapitsa, PyotrPyotr Kapitsa; Penzias, Arno AllanArno Allan Penzias; Wilson, Robert WoodrowRobert Woodrow Wilson |
Mitchell, Peter D.Peter D. Mitchell | Arber, WernerWerner Arber; Nathans, DanielDaniel Nathans; Smith, Hamilton O.Hamilton O. Smith |
Singer, Isaac BashevisIsaac Bashevis Singer | Sadat, AnwarAnwar Sadat; Begin, MenachemMenachem Begin |
Simon, Herbert A.Herbert A. Simon |
| 1979 | Glashow, Sheldon LeeSheldon Lee Glashow; Salam, AbdusAbdus Salam; Weinberg, StevenSteven Weinberg |
Brown, Herbert C.Herbert C. Brown; Wittig, GeorgGeorg Wittig |
Cormack, Allan McLeodAllan McLeod Cormack; Hounsfield, GodfreyGodfrey Hounsfield |
Elytis, OdysseasOdysseas Elytis | Teresa, MotherMother Teresa | Schultz, TheodoreTheodore Schultz; Lewis, ArthurArthur Lewis |
| 1980 | Cronin, JamesJames Cronin; Fitch, Val LogsdonVal Logsdon Fitch |
Berg, PaulPaul Berg; Gilbert, WalterWalter Gilbert; Sanger, FrederickFrederick Sanger |
Benacerraf, BarujBaruj Benacerraf; Dausset, JeanJean Dausset; Snell, George DavisGeorge Davis Snell |
Miłosz, CzesławCzesław Miłosz | Esquivel, Adolfo PérezAdolfo Pérez Esquivel | Klein, LawrenceLawrence Klein |
| 1981 | Bloembergen, NicolaasNicolaas Bloembergen; Schawlow, Arthur LeonardArthur Leonard Schawlow; Siegbahn, KaiKai Siegbahn |
Fukui, KenichiKenichi Fukui; Hoffmann, RoaldRoald Hoffmann |
Sperry, Roger WolcottRoger Wolcott Sperry; Hubel, David H.David H. Hubel; Wiesel, TorstenTorsten Wiesel |
Canetti, EliasElias Canetti | United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | Tobin, JamesJames Tobin |
| 1982 | Wilson, Kenneth G.Kenneth G. Wilson | Klug, AaronAaron Klug | Bergström, SuneSune Bergström; Samuelsson, Bengt I.Bengt I. Samuelsson; Vane, JohnJohn Vane |
Márquez, Gabriel GarcíaGabriel García Márquez | Myrdal, AlvaAlva Myrdal; Robles, Alfonso GarcíaAlfonso García Robles |
Stigler, GeorgeGeorge Stigler |
| 1983 | Chandrasekhar, SubrahmanyanSubrahmanyan Chandrasekhar; Fowler, William AlfredWilliam Alfred Fowler |
Taube, HenryHenry Taube | McClintock, BarbaraBarbara McClintock | Golding, WilliamWilliam Golding | Wałęsa, LechLech Wałęsa | Debreu, GérardGérard Debreu |
| 1984 | Rubbia, CarloCarlo Rubbia; van der Meer, SimonSimon van der Meer |
Merrifield, Robert BruceRobert Bruce Merrifield | Jerne, Niels KajNiels Kaj Jerne; Köhler, Georges J. F.Georges J. F. Köhler; Milstein, CésarCésar Milstein |
Seifert, JaroslavJaroslav Seifert | Tutu, DesmondDesmond Tutu | Stone, RichardRichard Stone |
| 1985 | von Klitzing, KlausKlaus von Klitzing | Hauptman, Herbert A.Herbert A. Hauptman; Karle, JeromeJerome Karle |
Brown, Michael StuartMichael Stuart Brown; Goldstein, Joseph L.Joseph L. Goldstein |
Simon, ClaudeClaude Simon | International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War | Modigliani, FrancoFranco Modigliani |
| 1986 | Ruska, ErnstErnst Ruska; Binnig, GerdGerd Binnig; Rohrer, HeinrichHeinrich Rohrer |
Herschbach, Dudley R.Dudley R. Herschbach; Lee, Yuan T.Yuan T. Lee; Polanyi, JohnJohn Polanyi |
Cohen, StanleyStanley Cohen; Levi-Montalcini, RitaRita Levi-Montalcini |
Soyinka, WoleWole Soyinka | Wiesel, ElieElie Wiesel | Buchanan, James M.James M. Buchanan |
| 1987 | Bednorz, Johannes GeorgJohannes Georg Bednorz; Müller, Karl AlexanderKarl Alexander Müller |
Cram, Donald J.Donald J. Cram; Lehn, Jean-MarieJean-Marie Lehn; Pedersen, Charles J.Charles J. Pedersen |
Tonegawa, SusumuSusumu Tonegawa | Brodsky, JosephJoseph Brodsky | Arias, ÓscarÓscar Arias | Solow, RobertRobert Solow |
| 1988 | Lederman, Leon M.Leon M. Lederman; Schwartz, MelvinMelvin Schwartz; Steinberger, JackJack Steinberger |
Deisenhofer, JohannJohann Deisenhofer; Huber, RobertRobert Huber; Michel, HartmutHartmut Michel |
Black, James W.James W. Black; Elion, Gertrude B.Gertrude B. Elion; Hitchings, George H.George H. Hitchings |
Mahfouz, NaguibNaguib Mahfouz | United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces | Allais, MauriceMaurice Allais |
| 1989 | Ramsey, Jr., Norman FosterNorman Foster Ramsey, Jr.; Dehmelt, Hans GeorgHans Georg Dehmelt; Paul, WolfgangWolfgang Paul |
Altman, SidneySidney Altman; Cech, ThomasThomas Cech |
Bishop, J. MichaelJ. Michael Bishop; Varmus, Harold E.Harold E. Varmus |
Cela, Camilo JoséCamilo José Cela | Gyatso (The Dalai Lama), TenzinTenzin Gyatso (The Dalai Lama) | Haavelmo, TrygveTrygve Haavelmo |
| 1990 | Friedman, Jerome IsaacJerome Isaac Friedman; Kendall, Henry WayHenry Way Kendall; Taylor, Richard E.Richard E. Taylor |
Corey, Elias JamesElias James Corey | Murray, JosephJoseph Murray; Thomas, E. DonnallE. Donnall Thomas |
Paz, OctavioOctavio Paz | Gorbachev, MikhailMikhail Gorbachev | Markowitz, HarryHarry Markowitz; Miller, MertonMerton Miller; Sharpe, William ForsythWilliam Forsyth Sharpe |
| 1991 | Gennes, Pierre-Gilles dePierre-Gilles de Gennes | Ernst, Richard R.Richard R. Ernst | Neher, ErwinErwin Neher; Sakmann, BertBert Sakmann |
Gordimer, NadineNadine Gordimer | Suu Kyi, Aung SanAung San Suu Kyi | Coase, RonaldRonald Coase |
| 1992 | Charpak, GeorgesGeorges Charpak | Marcus, Rudolph A.Rudolph A. Marcus | Fischer, Edmond H.Edmond H. Fischer; Krebs, Edwin G.Edwin G. Krebs |
Walcott, DerekDerek Walcott | Menchú, RigobertaRigoberta Menchú | Becker, GaryGary Becker |
| 1993 | Hulse, Russell AlanRussell Alan Hulse; Taylor, Jr., Joseph HootonJoseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. |
Mullis, KaryKary Mullis; Smith, MichaelMichael Smith |
Roberts, Richard J.Richard J. Roberts; Sharp, Phillip AllenPhillip Allen Sharp |
Morrison, ToniToni Morrison | Mandela, NelsonNelson Mandela; de Klerk, F. W.F. W. de Klerk |
Fogel, RobertRobert Fogel; North, DouglassDouglass North |
| 1994 | Brockhouse, BertramBertram Brockhouse; Shull, CliffordClifford Shull |
Olah, George AndrewGeorge Andrew Olah | Gilman, Alfred G.Alfred G. Gilman; Rodbell, MartinMartin Rodbell |
Ōe, KenzaburōKenzaburō Ōe | Arafat, YasserYasser Arafat; Peres, ShimonShimon Peres; Rabin, YitzhakYitzhak Rabin |
Harsanyi, JohnJohn Harsanyi; Nash, Jr., John ForbesJohn Forbes Nash, Jr.; Selten, ReinhardReinhard Selten |
| 1995 | Perl, Martin LewisMartin Lewis Perl; Reines, FrederickFrederick Reines |
Crutzen, Paul J.Paul J. Crutzen; Molina, Mario J.Mario J. Molina; Rowland, Frank SherwoodFrank Sherwood Rowland |
Lewis, Edward B.Edward B. Lewis; Nüsslein-Volhard, ChristianeChristiane Nüsslein-Volhard; Wieschaus, Eric F.Eric F. Wieschaus |
Heaney, SeamusSeamus Heaney | Rotblat, JosephJoseph Rotblat; Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs |
Lucas, Jr., RobertRobert Lucas, Jr. |
| 1996 | Lee, DavidDavid Lee; Osheroff, DouglasDouglas Osheroff; Richardson, Robert ColemanRobert Coleman Richardson |
Curl Jr., Robert F.Robert F. Curl Jr.; Kroto, HarryHarry Kroto; Smalley, RichardRichard Smalley |
Doherty, Peter C.Peter C. Doherty; Zinkernagel, Rolf M.Rolf M. Zinkernagel |
Szymborska, WisławaWisława Szymborska | Belo, Carlos Filipe XimenesCarlos Filipe Ximenes Belo; Ramos-Horta, JoséJosé Ramos-Horta |
Mirrlees, JamesJames Mirrlees; Vickrey, WilliamWilliam Vickrey |
| 1997 | Chu, StevenSteven Chu; Cohen-Tannoudji, ClaudeClaude Cohen-Tannoudji; Phillips, William DanielWilliam Daniel Phillips |
Boyer, Paul D.Paul D. Boyer; Walker, John E.John E. Walker; Skou, Jens ChristianJens Christian Skou |
Prusiner, Stanley B.Stanley B. Prusiner | Fo, DarioDario Fo | International Campaign to Ban Landmines; Williams, JodyJody Williams |
Merton, Robert C.Robert C. Merton; Scholes, MyronMyron Scholes |
| 1998 | Laughlin, Robert B.Robert B. Laughlin; Störmer, Horst LudwigHorst Ludwig Störmer; Tsui, Daniel C.Daniel C. Tsui |
Kohn, WalterWalter Kohn; Pople, JohnJohn Pople |
Furchgott, Robert F.Robert F. Furchgott; Ignarro, LouisLouis Ignarro; Murad, FeridFerid Murad |
Saramago, JoséJosé Saramago | Hume, JohnJohn Hume; Trimble, DavidDavid Trimble |
Sen, AmartyaAmartya Sen |
| 1999 | Hooft, Gerard 'tGerard 't Hooft; Veltman, Martinus J. G.Martinus J. G. Veltman |
Zewail, AhmedAhmed Zewail | Blobel, GünterGünter Blobel | Grass, GünterGünter Grass | Médecins Sans Frontières | Mundell, RobertRobert Mundell |
| 2000 | Alferov, ZhoresZhores Alferov; Kroemer, HerbertHerbert Kroemer; Kilby, JackJack Kilby |
Heeger, Alan J.Alan J. Heeger; MacDiarmid, AlanAlan MacDiarmid; Shirakawa, HidekiHideki Shirakawa |
Carlsson, ArvidArvid Carlsson; Greengard, PaulPaul Greengard; Kandel, EricEric Kandel |
Xingjian, GaoGao Xingjian | Dae-jung, KimKim Dae-jung | Heckman, JamesJames Heckman; McFadden, DanielDaniel McFadden |
| 2001 | Cornell, Eric AllinEric Allin Cornell; Ketterle, WolfgangWolfgang Ketterle; Wieman, CarlCarl Wieman |
Knowles, William StandishWilliam Standish Knowles; Noyori, RyōjiRyōji Noyori; Sharpless, Karl BarryKarl Barry Sharpless |
Hartwell, Leland H.Leland H. Hartwell; Hunt, TimTim Hunt; Nurse, PaulPaul Nurse |
Naipaul, V. S.V. S. Naipaul | United Nations; Annan, KofiKofi Annan |
Akerlof, GeorgeGeorge Akerlof; Spence, MichaelMichael Spence; Stiglitz, JosephJoseph Stiglitz |
| 2002 | Davis, Jr., RaymondRaymond Davis, Jr.; Koshiba, MasatoshiMasatoshi Koshiba; Giacconi, RiccardoRiccardo Giacconi |
Fenn, JohnJohn Fenn; Tanaka, KoichiKoichi Tanaka; Wüthrich, KurtKurt Wüthrich |
Brenner, SydneySydney Brenner; Horvitz, H. RobertH. Robert Horvitz; Sulston, JohnJohn Sulston |
Kertész, ImreImre Kertész | Carter, JimmyJimmy Carter | Kahneman, DanielDaniel Kahneman; Smith, Vernon L.Vernon L. Smith |
| 2003 | Abrikosov, Alexei AlexeyevichAlexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov; Ginzburg, VitalyVitaly Ginzburg; Leggett, Anthony JamesAnthony James Leggett |
Agre, PeterPeter Agre; MacKinnon, RoderickRoderick MacKinnon |
Lauterbur, PaulPaul Lauterbur; Mansfield, PeterPeter Mansfield |
Coetzee, J. M.J. M. Coetzee | Ebadi, ShirinShirin Ebadi | Engle, Robert F.Robert F. Engle; Granger, CliveClive Granger |
| 2004 | Gross, DavidDavid Gross; Politzer, Hugh DavidHugh David Politzer; Wilczek, FrankFrank Wilczek |
Ciechanover, AaronAaron Ciechanover; Hershko, AvramAvram Hershko; Rose, IrwinIrwin Rose |
Axel, RichardRichard Axel; Buck, Linda B.Linda B. Buck |
Jelinek, ElfriedeElfriede Jelinek | Maathai, WangariWangari Maathai | Kydland, Finn E.Finn E. Kydland; Prescott, Edward C.Edward C. Prescott |
| 2005 | Glauber, Roy J.Roy J. Glauber; Hall, John L.John L. Hall; Hänsch, Theodor W.Theodor W. Hänsch |
Chauvin, YvesYves Chauvin; Grubbs, Robert H.Robert H. Grubbs; Schrock, Richard R.Richard R. Schrock |
Marshall, BarryBarry Marshall; Warren, RobinRobin Warren |
Pinter, HaroldHarold Pinter | International Atomic Energy Agency; ElBaradei, MohamedMohamed ElBaradei |
Aumann, RobertRobert Aumann; Schelling, ThomasThomas Schelling |
| 2006 | Mather, John C.John C. Mather; Smoot, GeorgeGeorge Smoot |
Kornberg, Roger D.Roger D. Kornberg | Fire, AndrewAndrew Fire; Mello, CraigCraig Mello |
Pamuk, OrhanOrhan Pamuk | Yunus, MuhammadMuhammad Yunus; Grameen Bank |
Phelps, EdmundEdmund Phelps |
| 2007 | Fert, AlbertAlbert Fert; Grünberg, PeterPeter Grünberg |
Ertl, GerhardGerhard Ertl | Capecchi, MarioMario Capecchi; Evans, MartinMartin Evans; Smithies, OliverOliver Smithies |
Lessing, DorisDoris Lessing | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Gore, AlAl Gore |
Hurwicz, LeonidLeonid Hurwicz; Maskin, EricEric Maskin; Myerson, RogerRoger Myerson |
| 2008 | Nambu, YoichiroYoichiro Nambu; Kobayashi, MakotoMakoto Kobayashi; Maskawa, ToshihideToshihide Maskawa |
Shimomura, OsamuOsamu Shimomura; Chalfie, MartinMartin Chalfie; Tsien, Roger Y.Roger Y. Tsien |
zur Hausen, HaraldHarald zur Hausen; Barré-Sinoussi, FrançoiseFrançoise Barré-Sinoussi; Montagnier, LucLuc Montagnier |
Le Clézio, J. M. G.J. M. G. Le Clézio | Ahtisaari, MarttiMartti Ahtisaari | Krugman, PaulPaul Krugman |
| 2009 | Kao, Charles K.Charles K. Kao; Boyle, Willard S.Willard S. Boyle; Smith, George E.George E. Smith |
Ramakrishnan, VenkatramanVenkatraman Ramakrishnan; Steitz, Thomas A.Thomas A. Steitz; Yonath, AdaAda Yonath |
Blackburn, ElizabethElizabeth Blackburn; Greider, Carol W.Carol W. Greider; Szostak, Jack W.Jack W. Szostak |
Müller, HertaHerta Müller | Obama, BarackBarack Obama | Ostrom, ElinorElinor Ostrom; Williamson, Oliver E.Oliver E. Williamson |
| 2010 | Geim, AndreAndre Geim; Novoselov, KonstantinKonstantin Novoselov |
Heck, Richard F.Richard F. Heck; Negishi, Ei-ichiEi-ichi Negishi; Suzuki, AkiraAkira Suzuki |
Edwards, Robert G.Robert G. Edwards | Vargas Llosa, MarioMario Vargas Llosa | Xiaobo, LiuLiu Xiaobo[F] | Diamond, Peter A.Peter A. Diamond; Mortensen, Dale T.Dale T. Mortensen; Pissarides, Christopher A.Christopher A. Pissarides |
| 2011 | Perlmutter, SaulSaul Perlmutter; Riess, Adam G.Adam G. Riess; Schmidt, BrianBrian Schmidt |
Shechtman, DanDan Shechtman | Beutler, BruceBruce Beutler; Hoffmann, Jules A.Jules A. Hoffmann; Steinman, Ralph M.Ralph M. Steinman |
Tranströmer, TomasTomas Tranströmer | Sirleaf, Ellen JohnsonEllen Johnson Sirleaf; Gbowee, LeymahLeymah Gbowee; Karman, TawakelTawakel Karman |
Sargent, Thomas J.Thomas J. Sargent; Sims, Christopher A.Christopher A. Sims |
| 2012 | Haroche, SergeSerge Haroche; J. Wineland, DavidDavid J. Wineland |
Kobilka, Brian K.Brian K. Kobilka; Lefkowitz, Robert J.Robert J. Lefkowitz |
Gurdon, John B.John B. Gurdon; Yamanaka, Shinya Shinya Yamanaka |
Yan, MoMo Yan | Union, EuropeanEuropean Union | Roth, Alvin E.Alvin E. Roth; Shapley, Lloyd S.Lloyd S. Shapley |
| 2013 | Englert, FrançoisFrançois Englert; Higgs, Peter W.Peter W. Higgs |
Karplus, MartinMartin Karplus; Levitt, MichaelMichael Levitt; Warshel, AriehArieh Warshel |
Rothman, James E.James E. Rothman; Schekman, Randy W.Randy W. Schekman; Südhof, Thomas C.Thomas C. Südhof |
Munro, AliceAlice Munro | for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, OrganisationOrganisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons | Fama, Eugene F.Eugene F. Fama; Hansen, Lars PeterLars Peter Hansen; Shiller, Robert J.Robert J. Shiller |
| Year | Физика | Хемија | Физиологија или медицина |
Литература | Мир | Економија |
Референце[уреди]
- Уопштено
- „All Nobel Laureates in Physics”. Nobel Foundation. Приступљено 25. 11. 2008.
- „All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry”. Nobel Foundation. Приступљено 25. 11. 2008.
- „All Nobel Laureates in Medicine”. Nobel Foundation. Приступљено 25. 11. 2008.
- „All Nobel Laureates in Literature”. Nobel Foundation. Приступљено 25. 11. 2008.
- „All Nobel Peace Prize Laureates”. Nobel Foundation. Приступљено 25. 11. 2008.
- „All Laureates in Economics”. Nobel Foundation. Приступљено 25. 11. 2008.
- Специфично
- ↑ „Alfred Nobel – The Man Behind the Nobel Prize”. Nobel Foundation. Приступљено 27. 11. 2008.
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 „The Nobel Prize”. Nobel Foundation. Приступљено 27. 11. 2008.
- ↑ „The Nobel Prize Awarders”. Nobel Foundation. Приступљено 27. 11. 2008.
- ↑ „The Nobel Prize Amounts”. Nobel Foundation. Архивирано из оригинала на датум 31. 7. 2008. Приступљено 27. 11. 2008.
- ↑ „The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies”. Nobel Foundation. Архивирано из оригинала на датум 22. 8. 2008. Приступљено 27. 11. 2008.
- ↑ „List of All Nobel Laureates 1942”. Nobel Foundation. Приступљено 30. 11. 2008.
- ↑ Lundestad, Geir (15. 3. 2001). „The Nobel Peace Prize 1901-2000”. Nobel Foundation. Приступљено 30. 11. 2008.
- ↑ „Nobel Laureates Facts”. Nobel Foundation. Приступљено 11. 10. 2013.
- ↑ „Women Nobel Laureates”. Nobel Foundation. Приступљено 11. 10. 2011.
Спољашње везе[уреди]
 |
Списак добитника Нобелове награде на Викимедијиној остави. |
- Official website of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
- Official website of the Nobel Foundation
- Downloadable Database of Nobel Laureates
