Tramadol

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Tramadol
IUPAC ime
2-[(Dimetilamino)metil]-1-(3-metoksifenil)cikloheksanol
Klinički podaci
Prodajno imeUltram, Zytram.[2]
Drugs.comMonografija
MedlinePlusa695011
Podaci o licenci
Kategorija trudnoće
  • AU: C
  • US: C (Mogući rizik)
Opojna drogapostoji.[1]
Način primeneoralno, IV, IM, rektalno
Pravni status
Pravni status
  • AU: S4 (samo na recepat)
  • CA: Rx samo
  • UK: Klasa C – Plan 3 CD
  • US: Plan IV
  • Rx-samo
Farmakokinetički podaci
Bioraspoloživost70–75% (oralno), 77% (rektalno), 100% (IM)[3]
Vezivanje proteina20%[4]
MetabolizamJetrom-posredovana demetilacija i glukuronidacija posredstvom CYP2D6 & CYP3A4[3][4]
Poluvreme eliminacije6.3 ± 1.4 h[4]
IzlučivanjeUrin (95%)[5]
Identifikatori
CAS broj27203-92-5 DaY
ATC kodN02AX02 (WHO)
PubChemCID 33741
DrugBankDB00193 DaY
ChemSpider31105 DaY
UNII39J1LGJ30J DaY
KEGGD08623 DaY
ChEBICHEBI:9648 DaY
ChEMBLCHEMBL1066 DaY
Hemijski podaci
FormulaC16H25NO2
Molarna masa263.4 g/mol
  • CN(C)C[C@H]1CCCC[C@@]1(C2=CC(=CC=C2)OC)O
  • InChI=1S/C16H25NO2/c1-17(2)12-14-7-4-5-10-16(14,18)13-8-6-9-15(11-13)19-3/h6,8-9,11,14,18H,4-5,7,10,12H2,1-3H3/t14-,16+/m1/s1 DaY
  • Key:TVYLLZQTGLZFBW-ZBFHGGJFSA-N DaY

Tramadol (Ultram, Tramal) je centralno delujući analgetik i koristi se u lečenju umerenog do umereno jakog bola. Lek ima širok spektar delovanja, uključujući i tretman za sindrom nemirnih nogu, kiselina refluks, i fibromijalgija. Razvijen je od strane farmaceutske kompanije Grünenthal GmbH krajem 70-ih godina 20. veka.[6]

Tramadol dejstvuje kao slab agonist na μ-opioidnom receptoru, oslobađa serotonin, i inhibira reapsorpciju norepinefrina.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13]

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

  1. ^ „Tramadol Hydrochloride”. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Pristupljeno 1. 12. 2014. 
  2. ^ Drugs.com International names for tramadol Page accessed April 23, 2016
  3. ^ a b Brayfield, A, ur. (13. 12. 2013). „Tramadol Hydrochloride”. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. Pharmaceutical Press. Pristupljeno 5. 8. 2014. 
  4. ^ a b v „Ultram, Ultram ER (tramadol) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more”. Medscape Reference. WebMD. Pristupljeno 28. 11. 2013. 
  5. ^ „PRODUCT INFORMATION Tramadol SANDOZ 50 mg capsules” (PDF). TGA eBusiness Services. Sandoz Pty Ltd. 4. 11. 2011. Pristupljeno 6. 4. 2014. 
  6. ^ US patent 3652589, Flick, Kurt; Frankus, Ernst, "1-(m-Substituted Phenyl)-2-Aminomethyl Cyclohexanols", odobren 28. 3. 1972.  
  7. ^ Dayer, P; Desmeules, J; Collart, L (1997). „Pharmacology of tramadol”. Drugs. 53 Suppl 2: 18—24. PMID 9190321. doi:10.2165/00003495-199700532-00006. 
  8. ^ Lewis, KS; Han, NH (1997). „Tramadol: a new centrally acting analgesic”. American journal of health-system pharmacy. 54 (6): 643—52. PMID 9075493. 
  9. ^ WO patent 2007070779, Singh, Chandra, "A Method to Treat Premature Ejaculation in Humans", odobren 21. 6. 2007.  
  10. ^ Driessen B, Reimann W (1992). „Interaction of the central analgesic, tramadol, with the uptake and release of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the rat brain in vitro”. British Journal of Pharmacology. 105 (1): 147—51. PMC 1908625Slobodan pristup. PMID 1596676. 
  11. ^ Bamigbade TA, Davidson C, Langford RM, Stamford JA (1997). „Actions of tramadol, its enantiomers and principal metabolite, O-desmethyltramadol, on serotonin (5-HT) efflux and uptake in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus”. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 79 (3): 352—6. PMID 9389855. 
  12. ^ Reimann W, Schneider F (1998). „Induction of 5-hydroxytryptamine release by tramadol, fenfluramine and reserpine”. European Journal of Pharmacology. 349 (2-3): 199—203. PMID 9671098. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(98)00195-2. 
  13. ^ Gobbi M; Moia M; Pirona L; et al. (2002). „p-Methylthioamphetamine and 1-(m-chlorophenyl)piperazine, two non-neurotoxic 5-HT releasers in vivo, differ from neurotoxic amphetamine derivatives in their mode of action at 5-HT nerve endings in vitro”. Journal of Neurochemistry. 82 (6): 1435—43. PMID 12354291. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01073.x.